急性闭角型青光眼患者术前的心理反应及护理经验总结

目的：分析急性闭角型青光眼患者术前的心理反应及护理干预效果。方法收集2012年10月~2013年10月本院收治的72例急性闭角型青光眼患者,随机分为护理组与对照组,各36例。对照组采取常规护理,护理组实施护理干预,分析两组患者护理效果。结果术前,护理组SAS评分明显低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。护理组眼压下降至正常时间、住院时间明显短于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论给予急性闭角型青光眼患者实施护理干预,缩短眼压下降至正常时间、住院时间,值得临床推广。     

急性闭角型青光眼合并白内障手术的优质护理服务分析

目的：探究优质护理服务在急性闭角型青光眼合并白内障手术患者护理中的实施效果。方法78例急性闭角型青光眼合并白内障手术患者，随机分为对照组和观察组，各39例。对照组采用常规护理服务，观察组在对照组基础上采用优质护理服务，护理后观察比较两组患者焦虑评分(SAS评分)、并发症情况和护理满意度。结果观察组患者SAS评分低于对照组，差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)；观察组患者并发症发生率为5.1%，对照组患者并发症发生率为12.8%，两组患者并发症发生率比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)；观察组患者护理满意度高于对照组，差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论在急性闭角型青光眼合并白内障手术患者护理工作中实施优质护理服务，能够有效降低患者并发症发生率，改善患者焦虑情绪，促进患者术后快速恢复，护理满意度高，实施效果显著。     

康复期精神分裂症患者焦虑抑郁情绪护理干预应用临床效果

目的 探讨护理干预对于康复期精神分裂症患者焦虑抑郁情绪的临床改善效果.方法 选取我院精神科2010年5月至2012年1月收治精神分裂症康复期患者120例,采用随机数字表法分为两组,其中对照组60例,采用常规精神科护理措施;护理干预组60例,采用焦虑抑郁情绪综合护理干预措施;比较两组患者焦虑自评量表(SAS)评分,抑郁自评量表(SDS)评分,汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)评分,焦虑状态评定量表(STAl)评分等.结果 两组患者干预前焦虑自评量表(SAS)评分,抑郁自评量表(SDS)评分组间比较无显著差异(P>0.05);两组患者干预后焦虑自评量表(SAS)评分,抑郁自评量表(SDS)评分较干预前均显著改善,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);且护理干预组患者干预后焦虑自评量表(SAS)评分,抑郁自评量表(SDS)评分改善明显优于对照组,组间比较差异有统计学意义 (P<0.05);两组患者干预前焦虑自评量表(SAS)评分,抑郁自评量表(SDS)评分组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);两组患者干预后焦虑自评量表(SAS)评分,抑郁自评量表(SDS)评分较干预前均显著改善,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);且护理干预组患者干预后焦虑自评量表(SAS)评分,抑郁自评量表(SDS)评分改善明显优于对照组,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 护理干预对于康复期精神分裂症患者焦虑抑郁情绪的临床改善效果确切,能够显著缓解焦虑、抑郁情绪.     

护理模式与产后抑郁症的相关性研究

目的 探讨综合护理模式对产后抑郁症的影响.方法 180例产妇随机分为观察组和对照组各90例,对照组采用常规护理,观察组实施综合护理干预.所有病例于入院当天,产后14d采用抑郁自评量表(SDS)和焦虑自评量表(SAS)对患者进行心理评估,并比较2组产后抑郁发生率.结果 观察组入院前后SDS与SAS评分差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);对照组SDS与SAS评分均高于入院前,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组SDS与SAS评分均低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).观察组发生产后抑郁12例(13.3%),对照组发生28例(31.1%),2组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 综合护理干预可减少产后抑郁症的发生.     

系统护理心理干预对无抽搐电休克治疗患者焦虑抑郁情绪的影响

目的探讨护理心理干预对MECT患者情绪的影响。方法将2016年3~7月在我院住院的94例行MECT患者随机分成实验组与对照组,每组47例;对照组予普通常规护理,实验组在常规护理的基础上增加系统护理心理干预2个月;干预前后采用自编的护理满意度调查表、焦虑自评量表(SAS)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)调查家属对护理满意度及两组患者的焦虑抑郁情绪进行评定,并分析结果。结果干预前两组患者的SAS、SDS评分及家属对护理满意度差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);干预后实验组患者的SAS、SDS评分低于对照组、家属对护理满意度高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);干预后实验组患者的SAS、SDS评分低于干预前、家属对护理满意度高于干预前,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);对照组患者干预前后SAS、SDS评分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论系统护理心理干预有助于缓解行MECT治疗患者的负性情绪,提高护理质量。     

青光眼术后行白内障微切口超声乳化吸出术的护理

目的对青光眼术后行白内障微切口超声乳化吸出术的护理进行探究分析。方法选取在本院行白内障微切口超声乳化吸出术的青光眼术后患者100例作为观察对象,收治时间为2015年12月~2016年12月,在患者及其家属知情并且允许的情况下采用信封式随机分组分为两组,即对照组、观察组。对照组患者接受常规护理,观察组则给予患者综合护理干预,对两组患者的术后眼压变化情况、护理满意度、心理状况、发生并发症的概率以及视力恢复情况进行比较。结果观察组患者术后12、24及48h眼压与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);观察组患者的护理满意度评分明显高于对照组,其SAS评分与SDS评分均较对照组低,术后视力>0.9占比明显较对照组高,两组患者发生并发症的概率比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论给予青光眼术后行白内障微切口超声乳化吸出术患者实施综合护理干预的效果显著。     

综合心理干预在支气管哮喘患者护理中的应用探析

目的探讨综合心理干预在支气管哮喘患者护理中的应用效果。方法接收在我院的支气管哮喘患者一共有92例,随机分为观察组和对照组,对照组患者采取常规治疗和护理,观察组在此基础上给予综合心理干预,对比两组患者的护理效果。结果护理前,两组患者的SAS评分和SDS评分间的差异不具有统计学意义(P>0.05),护理后,观察组患者的SAS评分及SDS评分明显低于对照组,其之间的差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组患者对护理工作满意度显著优于对照组,其之间的差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论支气管哮喘采取综合心理干预,可使患者的不良情绪得到明显改善,进而护理工作的满意程度得到明显提高,具有临床推广价值。     

急性闭角型青光眼的护理

目的总结急性闭角型青光眼的护理体会。方法将本院收治的急性闭角型青光眼手术患者112例随机分为观察组（56例）和对照组（56例）,观察组给予综合护理,对照组给予基础护理。结果观察组在眼压降至适于手术值的天数及平均住院时间均较之对照组短,两组比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;观察组出院时平均眼压较之对照组低,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论对急性闭角型青光眼手术患者提供精心、细致、全面的综合护理在疾病康复中取得了满意效果。     

优质护理在冠心病合并心绞痛中的应用效果及对患者生活质量的影响研究

目的探讨优质护理干预在冠心病合并心绞痛护理中的应用及对患者生活质量的影响。方法选取我院(2016年1月至2019年1月)收治的96例冠心病合并心绞痛患者,根据不同护理方法分为两组,对照组(n=48)接受常规护理,观察组(n=48)接受优质护理干预,对比两组患者护理前后生存质量和负面情绪以及临床疗效。结果护理前两组患者WHOQOL-100评分对比差异不明显(P>0.05);观察组WHOQOL-100评分明显高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。护理前两组患者SDS、SAS评分对比差异不明显(P>0.05);护理后观察组SDS、SAS评分明显低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组患者临床疗效对比差异明显,具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论优质护理能有效改善患者负面情绪,缓解心绞痛症状,提高生活质量,分析是优质护理满足了患者护理需求,让其能在良好的心态进行护理和治疗,提高治疗效果。     

护理干预对于产后母婴分离产妇焦虑情绪的影响

目的探讨采取护理干预对母婴分离产妇焦虑情绪的影响。方法选取我院2016年收入的产后母婴分离的产妇120例,随机平均分为两组,其中一组为对照组,采取一般护理措施,另一组为观察组采取综合护理干预。结果产后第一天,两组产妇SAS评分情况比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);母婴分离第3天,两组产妇SAS评分情况比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);母婴分离第7天,观察组产妇SAS评分明显低于对照组产妇,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组产妇母婴分离第7天SAS评分明显低于母婴分离第3天SAS评分,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);对照组产妇母婴分离第7天SAS评分与母婴分离第3天SAS评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);观察组产妇护理满意度100.00%明显高于对照组产妇护理满意度93.33%,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论护理干预能够有效的降低产妇焦虑情况的发生,值得在临床推广。     

Safety assessment of poloxamers 101, 105, 108, 122, 123, 124, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 188, 212, 215, 217, 231, 234, 235, 237, 238, 282, 284, 288, 331, 333, 334, 335, 338, 401, 402, 403, and 407, poloxamer 105 benzoate, and poloxamer 182 dibenzoate as used in cosmetics

Poloxamers are polyoxyethlyene, polyoxypropylene block polymers. The impurities of commercial grade Poloxamer 188, as an example, include low-molecular-weight substances (aldehydes and both formic and acetic acids), as well as 1,4-dioxane and residual ethylene oxide and propylene oxide. Most Poloxamers function in cosmetics as surfactants, emulsifying agents, cleansing agents, and/or solubilizing agents, and are used in 141 cosmetic products at concentrations from 0.005% to 20%. Poloxamers injected intravenously in animals are rapidly excreted in the urine, with some accumulation in lung, liver, brain, and kidney tissue. In humans, the plasma concentration of Poloxamer 188 (given intravenously) reached a maximum at 1 h, then reached a steady state. Poloxamers generally were ineffective in wound healing, but were effective in reducing postsurgical adhesions in several test systems. Poloxamers can cause hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia in animals, but overall, they are relatively nontoxic to animals, with LD(50) values reported from 5 to 34.6 g/kg. Short-term intravenous doses up to 4 g/kg of Poloxamer 108 produced no change in body weights, but did result in diffuse hepatocellular vacuolization, renal tubular dilation in kidneys, and dose-dependent vacuolization of epithelial cells in the proximal convoluted tubules. A short-term inhalation toxicity study of Poloxamer 101 at 97 mg/m(3) identified slight alveolitis after 2 weeks of exposure, which subsided in the 2-week postexposure observation period. A short-term dermal toxicity study of Poloxamer 184 in rabbits at doses up to 1000 mg/kg produced slight erythema and slight intradermal inflammatory response on histological examination, but no dose-dependent body weight, hematology, blood chemistry, or organ weight changes. A 6-month feeding study in rats and dogs of Poloxamer 188 at exposures up to 5% in the diet produced no adverse effects. Likewise, Poloxamer 331 (tested up to 0.5 g/kg day(-1)), Poloxamer 235 (tested up to 1.0 g/kg day(-1)), and Poloxamer 338 (at 0.2 or 1.0 g/kg day(-1)) produced no adverse effects in dogs. Poloxamer 338 (at 5.0 g/kg day(-1)) produced slight transient diarrhea in dogs. Poloxamer 188 at levels up to 7.5% in diet given to rats in a 2-year feeding study produced diarrhea at 5% and 7.5% levels, a small decrease in growth at the 7.5% level, but no change in survival. Doses up to 0.5 mg/kg day(-1) for 2 years using rats produced yellow discoloration of the serum, high serum alkaline phosphatase activity, and elevated serum glutamicpyruvic transaminase and glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase activities. Poloxamers are minimal ocular irritants, but are not dermal irritants or sensitizers in animals. Data on reproductive and developmental toxicity of Poloxamers were not found. An Ames test did not identify any mutagenic activity of Poloxamer 407, with or without metabolic activation. Several studies have suggested anticarcinogenic effects of Poloxamers. Poloxamers appear to increase the sensitivity to anticancer drugs of multidrug-resistant cancer cells. In clinical testing, Poloxamer 188 increased the hydration of feces when used in combination with a bulk laxative treatment. Compared to controls, one study of angioplasty patients receiving Poloxamer 188 found a reduced myocardial infarct size and a reduced incidence of reinfarction, with no evidence of toxicity, but two other studies found no effect. Poloxamer 188 given to patients suffering from sickle cell disease had decreased pain and decreased hospitilization, compared to controls. Clinical tests of dermal irritation and sensitization were uniformly negative. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel stressed that the cosmetic industry should continue to use the necessary purification procedures to keep the levels below established limits for ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, and 1,4-dioxane. The Panel did note the absence of reproductive and developmental toxicity data, but, based on molecular weight and solubility, there should be little skin penetration and any penetration of the skin should be slow. Also, the available data demonstrate that Poloxamers that are introduced into the body via routes other than dermal exposure have a rapid clearance from the body, suggesting that there would be no risk of reproductive and/or developmental toxicity. Overall, the available data do not suggest any concern about carcinogenesis. Although there are gaps in knowledge about product use, the overall information available on the types of products in which these ingredients are used, and at what concentration, indicates a pattern of use. Based on these safety test data and the information that the manufacturing process can be controlled to limit unwanted impurities, the Panel concluded that these Poloxamers are safe as used.     

HPLC法测定抗妇炎胶囊中木兰花碱、黄柏碱、药根碱、巴马汀、小檗碱、槐果碱、苦参碱、氧化槐果碱、槐定碱和氧化苦参碱

目的 采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法同时测定抗妇炎胶囊中木兰花碱、黄柏碱、药根碱、巴马汀、小檗碱、槐果碱、苦参碱、氧化槐果碱、槐定碱和氧化苦参碱10种活性成分。方法 采用InerSustain AQ-C₁₈色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相A：乙腈–无水乙醇（80∶20）,流动相B：0.1%磷酸溶液,梯度洗脱,检测波长220 nm,体积流量1.0 mL/min,柱温30℃,进样量10 μL。结果 木兰花碱、黄柏碱、药根碱、巴马汀、小檗碱、槐果碱、苦参碱、氧化槐果碱、槐定碱和氧化苦参碱分别在2.69～134.50、1.95～97.50、0.63～31.50、0.86～43.00、11.95～597.50、0.59～29.50、6.08～304.00、4.85～242.50、1.66～83.00、19.79～989.50 μg/mL线性关系良好（r≥0.999 3）;平均回收率分别为99.11%、98.23%、96.95%、97.78%、100.02%、97.21%、99.66%、99.52%、98.81%、100.08%,RSD值分别为1.04%、1.23%、1.37%、1.65%、0.70%、1.28%、0.65%、0.81%、1.11%、0.63%。结论 建立的HPLC法可用于抗妇炎胶囊中10种活性成分的测定,作为抗妇炎胶囊质量控制方法。     

Arformoterol: (R,R)-eformoterol, (R,R)-formoterol, arformoterol tartrate, eformoterol-sepracor, formoterol-sepracor, R,R-eformoterol, R,R-formoterol

Sepracor in the US is developing arformoterol [R,R-formoterol], a single isomer form of the beta(2)-adrenoceptor agonist formoterol [eformoterol]. This isomer contains two chiral centres and is being developed as an inhaled preparation for the treatment of respiratory disorders. Sepracor believes that arformoterol has the potential to be a once-daily therapy with a rapid onset of action and a duration of effect exceeding 12 hours. In 1995, Sepracor acquired New England Pharmaceuticals, a manufacturer of metered-dose and dry powder inhalers, for the purpose of preparing formulations of levosalbutamol and arformoterol. Phase II dose-ranging clinical studies of arformoterol as a longer-acting, complementary bronchodilator were completed successfully in the fourth quarter of 2000. Phase III trials of arformoterol began in September 2001. The indications for the drug appeared to be asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, an update of the pharmaceutical product information on the Sepracor website in September 2003 listed COPD maintenance therapy as the only indication for arformoterol. In October 2002, Sepracor stated that two pivotal phase III studies were ongoing in 1600 patients. Sepracor estimates that its NDA submission for arformoterol, which is projected for the first half of 2004, will include approximately 3000 adult subjects. Sepracor stated in July 2003 that it had completed more than 100 preclinical studies and initiated or completed 15 clinical studies for arformoterol inhalation solution for the treatment of bronchospasm in patients with COPD. In addition, Sepracor stated that the two pivotal phase III studies in 1600 patients were still progressing. In 1995, European patents were granted to Sepracor for the use of arformoterol in the treatment of asthma, and the US patent application was pending.     

欧洲刺柏（Juniper）

活性成分与药理作用欧洲刺柏药用部位是其浆果，具有促水排泄、防腐、抗胃肠胀气和抗风湿作用，还可改善胃功能。用作促水排泄药可增加尿量（水丢失），但不增加钠排泄。成分萜品烯-4-醇可增加肾小球滤过率，但刺激肾。欧洲刺柏浆果对单纯疱疹病毒体外显示抗病毒活性，并具抗真菌活性。动物实验显示，欧洲刺柏浆果提取物具有堕胎、抗生育、抗炎、抗胚胎植入、降血压、升血压和降血糖作用。欧洲刺柏浆果油具有兴奋子宫的活性，以及利尿、胃肠道抗菌和刺激作用，该油对平滑肌有阻止解痉作用。     

Oral Presentations (LDD, LPES, LNM, LPAT, LNT, LPPT, LPM)

Probiotic microorganisms have been shown to provide specific health benefits when consumed as food supplements or as food components. The main problem of such products is the poor survival of the probiotic bacteria in the low pH of gastric fluid. However the use of synthetic excipients for enteric coating to prevent the exposure of microorganisms to gastric fluid is limited in food supplementary industry. Therefore the aim of this study was to develop an enteric coating formulation containing shellac as a natural polymer. Shellac possesses good resistance to gastric juice; the major disadvantage of this polymer is its low solubility in the intestinal fluid [1, 2]. Thus films containing different ratios of shellac and water-soluble polymers (sodium alginate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and polyvinylpyrrolidon (PVP)) or plasticizers (glycerol and glyceryl triacetate (GTA)) were prepared in order to analyse the films’ melting temperatures (T_m), the changes in enthalpy (ΔH), their capability of taking up water, and their solubility in different media. The release characteristics of the films were studied by loading pellets with Enterococcus faecium M74 and coating them with formulations containing different amounts of shellac and polymer or plasticized shellac. Using dissolution tests, performed according to USP XXXI paddle method, the resistance of the coatings to simulated gastric fluid (SGF, pH 1.2) and the release of cells in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF, pH 6.8) was investigated.The trials showed that an increasing amount of plasticizer results in a decrease of T_m and ΔH of the films whereat glycerol had a superior plasticization effect to GTA. The compatibility of films made of water-soluble polymers and shellac was also concentration dependent. HPMC and PVP showed superior compatibility with shellac compared to sodium alginate, since films containing shellac and more than 10% [w/w] sodium alginate tended to separate into two phases. In the end five formulations containing shellac and either 5% [w/w] glycerol, 10% [w/w] PVP, 20% [w/w] PVP, 10% [w/w] HPMC, or 5% [w/w] sodium alginate emerged as feasible for enteric coating purposes.