Periodontal status following self-ligature versus archwire ligation techniques in orthodontically treated patients—Clinical,microbiological and biochemical evaluation

ObjectivesThe present study was designed to evaluate the changes in microbial flora and periodontal status, with a concomitant evaluation of the changes in the aspartate aminotransferase activity obtained from the gingival crevicular fluid after the orthodontic treatment with self-ligature versus archwire ligation techniques.MethodsTwenty-two orthodontic patients were included in this study. Using a split mouth design for each patient according to the ligation techniques, one site received a self-ligature technique while the other an archwire ligature.ResultsThe results revealed that all microbial counts, after bonding the orthodontic appliances, in the archwire ligature sites were slightly higher than those in the self-ligature sites at different monitoring periods. Compared with those in the self-ligature group, the probing depth and the clinical attachment level showed significantly increased in the archwire ligature group (P ≤ 0.01). Moreover, the aspartate aminotransferase enzymatic activity was significantly greater at the archwire sites, compared to that at the self-ligature sites (P ≤ 0.01).ConclusionThe archwire ligature technique caused microbial colonization and aspartate aminotranferase activity to be greater than the self-ligature technique. Therefore, the use of self-ligature is the recommended wire ligation technique in order to prevent periodontal tissue destruction.     

Nickel and chromium levels in the saliva of a Saudi sample treated with fixed orthodontic appliances

AimThe aim of this study was to measure the amount of nickel (Ni) and chromium (Cr) released into the saliva of Saudi patients treated with fixed orthodontic appliances.Materials and methodsNinety salivary samples were collected in a cross-sectional manner. Forty samples were collected from patients (17 males, 23 females) with fixed orthodontic appliances after different periods of orthodontic treatment ranging from the first month and up to 32 months into treatment. The fixed orthodontic appliance consisted of 4 bands, 20 stainless steel brackets, and upper and lower nickel titanium or stainless-steel arch wires. The other 50 samples were collected from people without appliances (24 males, 26 females). Samples were analyzed using Inductive Coupled Plasma/Mass Spectrometry and Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy to measure Ni and Cr levels, respectively. Student’s t-test was used to compare Ni and Cr levels in the treated and untreated control groups.ResultsThe mean Ni level was 4.197 μg/L in the experimental group and 2.3 μg/L in the control group (p < 0.05). The mean Cr level was 2.9 μg/L in the experimental group and 3.3 μg/L in the control group (p < 0.05).ConclusionFixed orthodontic appliances resulted in a non-toxic increase in salivary levels of Ni, but no change in Cr levels. Duration of orthodontic treatment did not affect Ni and Cr levels in the saliva.     

Stability of miniscrews with different continuous orthodontic forces as measured by cone-beam computed tomography

PurposeMiniscrew stability is a key for successful orthodontic anchorage reinforcement. Light force as 50 g has been proposed to efficiently retract canine; however, for miniscrew stability, its efficiency is still questionable. This study aimed to evaluate and compare miniscrew displacements loaded with 50 and 150 g to retract upper canines.Subjects and methodsTwenty four miniscrews (1.4 mm diameter and 7 mm length) were placed in twelve orthodontic patients (female, 22.55 ± 4.8 years old) who required miniscrews for maximum anchorage. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) was taken to assess the miniscrew displacement in three dimensions. The X, Y, Z coordination points at the miniscrew head and tail with anterior nasal spine as a reference point were recorded and analyzed the displacements during 3 months using one-sample t-test and pair t-test.ResultsMiniscrews were significantly displaced after loading 50 and 150 g at 2 and 3 months compared to baseline (P < 0.001). At 2 months, the displacement of the miniscrews at head and tail had no statistical significance between 50 and 150 g (P > 0.05). However, at 3 months, there were statistically significant displacements between 50 and 150 g. This displacement was found to be greater in 150 g and at head more than at tail (P < 0.05).ConclusionThis study concluded that miniscrews could be significantly displaced with 50 and 150 g during 3 months wherein the heavier loading force essentially caused more miniscrew mobility. Clinically, it is suggested to use proper magnitude of force to miniscrews with care in order to overcome orthodontic anchorage failure.     

Low dose propranolol decreases orthodontic movement

ObjectiveLow dose propranolol has previously been demonstrated to suppress bone remodelling. Therefore, its effect on orthodontic movement was tested.DesignRats were assigned as follows (n = 5): animals with no orthodontic appliance (G1); the remaining groups were fitted with a Ni-Ti closed-coil spring ligated to the upper left first molar and connected to the incisors using metal and resin and received vehicle only (G2), 0.1 mg/kg (G3) or 20 mg/kg (G4) of propranolol orally. Cone Beam Computed Tomography was performed using high resolution for image capture. The distance between the first and second upper molars, both with and without the orthodontic appliance, was measured in millimetres. Gingival tissue was harvested and assessed for IL-1β and IL-6 using ELISA and for ICAM-1 and RANKL by Western blotting.ResultsThe orthodontic appliance induced a significant tooth movement in G2 when compared to the animals without an orthodontic appliance (G1) (p < 0.05). The animals from G3 showed a significantly reduction in tooth movement (p < 0.05) when compared with rats from G2. Animals treated with 20 mg/kg of propranolol (G4) showed tooth movement similar to that of G2. The reduced tooth movement observed in the animals treated with 0.1 mg/kg of propranolol (G3) occurred due to decreased amounts of IL-1β and IL-6, in addition to lower ICAM-1 and RANKL expression.ConclusionsLow dose propranolol inhibits bone remodelling and orthodontic movement.     

Effect of honey in preventing gingivitis and dental caries in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment

ObjectivesThis study was conducted to investigate the following: (1) the effects of chewing honey on plaque formation in orthodontic patients, (2) the effect of chewing honey on dental plaque bacterial counts, (3) determine if honey possesses antibacterial effects on bacteria recovered from plaques.MethodsFemale orthodontic patients (n = 20, 12–18 years of age) participated in this randomized controlled study. The effects of honey were compared to treatment with either 10% sucrose or 10% sorbitol that served as positive and negative controls, respectively. The pH of plaque was measured using a digital pH meter prior to baseline and at 2, 5, 10, 20, and 30 min after chewing honey or rinsing with control solutions and the numbers of Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacilli, and Prophymonas gingivalis in respective plaques were determined. The antibacterial activity of honey was tested against commonly used antibiotics using the disk diffusion method.ResultsSignificant differences in pH were observed in the honey and sucrose groups compared to the pH observed in the sorbitol group (p ? 0.001). The maximum pH drop occurred at 5 min in both the honey and sucrose groups; however the pH in the honey group rapidly recovered 10–20 min after exposure and did not drop below the critical decalcification pH of 5.5. On the other hand, the pH following sucrose exposure fell <5.5 and was associated with a 30 min recovery time. The pH observed for the sorbitol group did not change over time. Bacterial counts were significantly reduced in the honey group compared to the other treatment groups (p ? 0.001) and honey significantly inhibited the growth of all studied strains compared to inhibition observed with antibiotics (p ? 0.001).ConclusionsHoney can be used as an alternative to traditional remedies for the prevention of dental caries and gingivitis following orthodontic treatment.     

Early tissue reaction in the tension zone of PDL during orthodontic tooth movement

ObjectiveThe aim of the study was to examine the early tissue reaction in the tension zone of periodontal ligament (PDL) during orthodontic tooth movement.DesignUpper first molars of rats were moved buccally with fixed appliances. The PDL in the tension zone was examined histologically, immunohistochemically and at a molecular level after 24 h, 3 days and 7 days.ResultsAfter 24 h of orthodontic force loading, the periodontal space appeared considerably expanded. The periodontal fibers were stretched between the bone and the root. Three days after loading, the expanded periodontal space had slightly narrowed, the periodontal fiber arrangement was relaxed, and the blood vessels did not appear elongated. A considerable layer of osteoid was formed on the bone surface.The total cross-sectional areas of the PDL in experimental groups were significantly larger than control group. The total cross-sectional areas of the blood vessels were not significantly different among the groups.Significantly high expressions of IL-1β and PTX3 were characteristically observed not only in the endothelial cells and cells around the blood vessel, but also in fibroblasts throughout the PDL of the tension zone 24 h after orthodontic force loading. Three and 7 days after loading, these showed tendencies to return to control levels.ConclusionsThe present results suggest that the early reaction in the tension zone of the PDL during tooth movement consists of two phases: first, inflammation and second, rapid recovery and renovation of the PDL with bone formation.     

Nanoindentation of orthodontic archwires: The effect of decontamination and clinical use on hardness,elastic modulus and surface roughness

ObjectivesThe purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of decontamination and clinical exposure on the elastic moduli, hardness and surface roughness of two frequently used orthodontic archwires, namely 0.020 in. × 0.020 in. heat activated (martensitic active) nickel titanium archwires and 0.019 in. × 0.025 in. austenitic stainless steel archwires.MethodThis study was a prospective clinical trial in which 20 consecutive patients requiring an archwire change as part of their course of orthodontic fixed appliance therapy, had either a nickel titanium or stainless steel archwire fitted as deemed clinically necessary. The effect of clinical use was determined by comparing distal end cuts of the “as received” archwires before and after decontamination, with the same retrieved archwires following clinical use and decontamination. Hardness, elastic modulus and surface roughness were determined using an atomic force microscope (AFM) coupled with a nanoindenter.ResultsThe results showed that the decontamination regimen and clinical use had no statistically significant effect on the nickel titanium archwires, but did have a statistically significant effect on the steel archwires. Decontamination of the steel wires significantly increased the observed surface hardness (p = 0.01) and reduced the surface roughness (p = 0.02). Clinical use demonstrated a statistically significant increase in the observed elastic modulus (p < 0.001) and a decrease in surface roughness (p = 0.001).SignificanceAt present it is difficult to predict the clinical significance of these statistically significant changes in archwire properties on orthodontic tooth movement.     

Effect of interocclusal appliance on bite force,sleep quality,salivary cortisol levels and signs and symptoms of temporomandibular dysfunction in adults with sleep bruxism

ObjectiveThe purpose was to evaluate the effect interocclusal appliance therapy on bite force (BF), sleep quality and salivary cortisol levels in adults with SB diagnosed by polysomnography. As a secondary aim, signs and symptoms of temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD) were evaluated.DesignForty-three adults (19–30 y/o) were divided into two groups: experimental group (G_SB), composed of 28 subjects with SB, and control group (G_C), without SB and TMD (n = 15). G_SB was treated with stabilization interocclusal splint and evaluated at time intervals: before (baseline), one month (T1) and two months (T2) after therapy began, to collect data related to BF, sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index), salivary cortisol levels and TMD. G_C was also examined three times and received no therapy. Data were analysed by means of normality tests, t-test/Mann-Whitney and One-way ANOVA repeated measures (Tukey post-test). Two-way ANOVA test for repeated measures was applied to verify the effect time*group interaction on the variance of each dependent variable (α = 0.05).ResultsG_SB showed an increase in BF and a positive effect on muscular symptomatology, range of mandibular movements and sleep quality; in G_C these parameters did not differ. Cortisol concentration decreased between baseline and T1 in G_SB (F_(1,31) = 4.46; test power = 62%; p = 0.017). The variance observed for BF, TMD and sleep quality among time points was dependent on the group (moderate effect size: partial Eta square >0.16; test power >80%).ConclusionsThe results suggested that short-term interocclusal appliance therapy had a positive effect on BF, temporomandibular symptomatology, sleep quality and salivary cortisol levels in adults with SB.     

The chemokine receptor type 4 antagonist,AMD3100, interrupts experimental tooth movement in rats

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to clarify the role of the stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1)/C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) axis in osteoclast accumulation, and the influence of orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) under mechanical force application to periodontal tissues, by administration of the CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100.DesignThe upper right first molar (M1) of rats was moved mesially with a 10-g force titanium-nickel closed coil spring. Rats were treated with phosphate-buffered saline or AMD3100 (5 mg/kg), which is a SDF-1 antagonist. After 0, 1, 3, and 7 days, alveolar bones in all groups were examined at each time point by micro-computed tomography and histological analysis.ResultsTooth movement was decreased significantly in the AMD3100-treated group at 1, 3, and 7 days after beginning OTM. The numbers of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive multinucleated cells in the periodontal ligament around the maxillary M1 were decreased significantly in the treated as compared to the control group on Days 1 and 3.ConclusionAdministration of AMD3100 decreases OTM and osteoclast accumulation in rat molars under orthodontic force application. These findings suggest that the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis plays an important role in alveolar bone metabolism during OTM.     

Does smoking affect gingival crevicular fluid LL-37 levels following non-surgical periodontal treatment in chronic periodontitis?

ObjectiveLL-37 contributes to maintaining the balance between health and disease. Smoking is a risk factor for periodontitis that impairs neutrophil functions. The aim of the present study was to comparatively evaluate gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) LL-37 levels in smoker and non-smoker chronic periodontitis (CP) patients and controls, as well as the effect of non-surgical periodontal treatment on GCF LL-37 levels.DesignThirty-one CP patients (16 smokers, 15 non-smokers) and thirty-one controls (16 smokers, 15 non-smokers) were included in the study. CP patients received non-surgical treatment. GCF LL-37 levels and periodontal parameters were assessed at baseline, 1 and 3 months after completion of non-surgical periodontal treatment. GCF LL-37 levels were analyzed by ELISA.ResultsNo significant difference was observed in GCF LL-37 levels between smoker and non-smoker controls (p > 0.05). Smoker CP group had significantly lower GCF LL-37 level than non-smoker CP group at baseline (p < 0.05). GCF LL-37 levels significantly decreased in non-smoker CP group at first week, 1 and 3 months after completion of non-surgical periodontal treatment (p < 0.05) although no significant decrease in GCF LL-37 levels was observed in smoker CP group (p > 0.05). Periodontal parameters were correlated with GCF LL-37 levels in non-smoker CP group (p < 0.05), but not in smoker CP group (p > 0.05).ConclusionsGCF LL-37 levels do not seem to be affected from smoking in periodontal health. However, smoking might have a suppressive effect on GCF LL-37 levels in CP. Non-surgical treatment is effective in decreasing GCF LL-37 levels in non-smoker CP patients but not in smokers with CP.     

Effects of dexamethasone and nimesulide on bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw: An experimental study

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effects of dexamethasone (DEX) and nimesulide (NIM) on Bisphosphonate-related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (BRONJ) in rats.DesignBRONJ was induced by zoledronic acid (ZA) infusion (0.2 mg/kg) in Wistar rats (n = 8), followed by extraction of the left lower first molar (BRONJ groups). Control groups (n = 40) received saline (IV). For eight weeks, DEX (0.04, 0.4, 4 mg/kg) or saline (SAL) were administered by gavage 24 h before each infusion of ZA or saline (IV), or NIM (10.3 mg/kg) was administered 24 h and 12 h before each infusion of ZA or saline (IV). The haematological analyses were conducted weekly. After euthanasia (day 70), the jaws were submitted to radiographic and microscopic analysis. Kidney, liver, spleen and stomach were analysed histopathologically.ResultsThe BRONJ groups showed a higher radiolucent area compared with the control groups (p < 0.05). Histomorphometric analysis revealed healing and new bone formation in the control groups, while the BRONJ groups exhibited devitalized bone with bacterial colonies and inflammatory infiltrate. The BRONJ-DEX 0.4 and 4 mg/kg groups had a greater number of bacterial colonies (p < 0.05) and an increased polymorphonuclear cell count compared to the saline-BRONJ group, while the BRONJ-NIM group had a lower polymorphonuclear count (p < 0.05). The BRONJ groups had leucocytosis, which was reduced by DEX administration. Treatments with DEX with or without ZA caused white pulp atrophy.ConclusionThus, DEX or NIM therapy was not effective in preventing radiographic and histopathologic events associated with BRONJ. Treatment with DEX attenuated leucocytosis post-infusion with ZA.     

Bimaxillary protrusion trait in the Indian population: A cephalometric study of the morphological features and treatment considerations

PurposeThe orthodontic literature is discordant with the diagnosis of bimaxillary protrusion with no single anatomic answer and the anomaly has been referred in the literature with protean characteristics. The trait denotes a particular facial configuration and its cephalometric representation in certain ethnic and racial groups revealed a mixed pattern with individual variations. The present study was aimed at analyzing the dento-skeletal characteristics of bimaxillary protrusion in a sample of Indian men and women.Materials and methodsForty-six Indian subjects (28 women and 18 men; 19 ± 3.6 years of age) with Class I malocclusion and interincisal angle ≤110°, who attended orthodontic clinics for a comprehensive fixed orthodontic treatment were included for the study. The lateral films were hand traced and 27 parameters were measured. The data were imported to SPSS version 13 US package and statistical manipulation included means, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation (%). Male and female data were compared by Student's t-test (unpaired). Correlation and regression analysis were performed to assess any relationship between different parameters.ResultsThere was a marked increase in proclination of the maxillary incisors both to the maxillary plane (125.3 ± 5.7°), the NA line (35.1 ± 5.0°) and to sella–nasion (117.7 ± 5.5°). The positional relationship of the mandible to the maxilla with reference to the cranial base was within the normal limits (ANB = 3.1 ± 1.3°) and the skeletal pattern was Class I. The effective lengths of maxilla and mandible did not correlate significantly with sagittal skeletal discrepancy.ConclusionUnlike in other ethnic and racial groups, bimaxillary protrusion in Indian subjects is likely a bidental protrusion over normal dento-alveolar bases. The skeletal characteristics suggested a normal relationship of the functional components of the face. The condition could be treated successfully with orthodontic mechanotherapy alone.     

Only severe malocclusion correlates with mastication deficiency

ObjectivesThe relation between level of dentofacial deformity and extent of masticatory deficiency was studied.DesignThree groups of human young adults were formed: (i) subjects needing orthodontics plus orthognathic surgery (SevDFD, n = 18), (ii) subjects needing orthodontic treatment only (ModDFD, n = 12), and (iii) subjects needing no treatment (NoDFD, n = 12). For mastication tests, carrot boluses were collected at the deglutition time. Bolus particle size range was expressed as d50 value, which was compared with the Masticatory Normative Indicator (MNI). Index of treatment need (IOTN), global oral health assessment index (GOHAI) and chewing kinematic characteristics were also recorded. We used a general linear model univariate procedure followed by a Student-Newman-Keuls test.ResultsAll the SevDFD subjects showed impaired mastication with MNI above the normal limit (d50 mean = 7.23 mm). All the ModDFD subjects but one were below this limit (d50 mean = 2.54 mm), and so could adapt to a low level of masticatory impairment as also indicated by kinematics. IOTN indicated a treatment need for ModDFD (3.7 ± 0.5) and SevDFD (4.3 ± 0.6) groups, while GOHAI values were unsatisfactory only for SevDFD (42.6 ± 9.2 vs. 55.3 ± 1.9).ConclusionsOur findings emphasize the need for an objective evaluation of masticatory function to discern truly deficient mastication from mild impairment allowing satisfactory adaptation of the function. However, malocclusions are known to worsen with time justifying thus their corrections as early as possible.     

Does pain in the masseter and anterior temporal muscles influence maximal bite force?

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to evaluate changes in pain and muscle force, and the relationship between them, in patients with muscle pain and bruxism, prior to and after treatment.MethodsThirty women with bruxism and myofascial pain (Ia) were included in this study. Sleep bruxism diagnosis was made based on clinical diagnostic criteria, and awake bruxism diagnosis was made by patient questionnaires and the presence of tooth wear. The diagnosis of myofascial pain was established according to the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC-TMD). Dentulous or partially edentulous patients (rehabilitated with conventional fixed prostheses) were included in the study according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The pain treatment protocol included occlusal splints, patient education, and physiotherapy for 30 days. Bite force was measured using a dynamometer at the central incisor and the first molar regions on both sides. The exams were performed at baseline, after 7 days, and 30 days after treatment. The Wilcoxon test was used to compare patient pain level response among the periods analyzed in the study. Bite force data were submitted to two-way repeated-measures ANOVA, followed by the Tukey HSD test (p < 0.05). A simple regression analysis was performed to verify the relation between pain level and bite force.ResultsResults revealed that there was a statistical difference in pain level over time for both muscles and sides (p < 0.01). In the molar region, the bite force exhibited significantly higher values after 30 days of treatment, when compared with the baseline (p < 0.001). There was a correlation between pain level and bite force only for the temporal muscle in all periods analyzed (p < 0.05). There was no strong correlation in the response level points to support the association of pain and bite force.ConclusionsPain level decreased and bite force increased in the molar region after treatment. No strong correlation or dispersion in the relationship between pain levels and bite force was seen in women with myofascial pain and bruxism.     

Correlation between numbers of cells in human dental pulp and age: Implications for age estimation

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to investigate correlations between dental pulp cell count of odontoblasts, subodontoblasts and fibroblasts and age, within different age groups. Formulation of regression equations using the dental pulp cell count for predicting age was attempted.DesignEighty-one extracted teeth were grouped into two age groups (6–25 years, 26–80 years). The teeth were demineralized and histological sections were prepared for cell count. Regression equations were generated from regression analysis of cell count and tested for age estimation.ResultsThe number of dental pulp cells were found to increase until around the third decade of life and following this, the odontoblasts and subodontoblasts cell numbers began to decline while the fibroblasts seemed to remain almost stationary. The Pearson correlation test revealed a significant positive correlation between the cell number for all type of cells and age in the 6–25 years group (r = +0.791 for odontoblasts, r = +0.600 for subodontoblasts and r = +0.680 for fibroblasts). In the 26–80 years age group, a significant negative correlation of the odontoblasts (r = −0.777) and subodontoblasts (r = −0.715) with age was observed but for fibroblasts, the correlation value was negligible (r = −0.165). Regression equations generated using odontoblasts and subodontoblasts cell number were applicable for age estimation. The standard error of estimates (SEEs) were around ± 5 years for 6–25 years and ± 8 years for 26–80 years age groups. The mean values of the estimated and chronological ages were not significantly different.ConclusionsA significant correlation between the cell count of odontoblasts and subodontoblasts with age was demonstrated. Regression equations using odontoblasts and subodontoblasts cell number can be used to predict age with some limitations.     

An easy way to apply orthodontic extraction for impacted lower third molar compressing to the inferior alveolar nerve

PurposeTo study the results of an easy orthodontic extraction method for impacted lower third molar removal which had roots compressing to the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN).Patients and methodsForty patients were divided into two groups according to their desire. Orthodontic traction group (n = 20) had brackets or mini bone screws on the antagonist maxillary molars as anchorage for orthodontic traction from 3 to 10 weeks until the roots’ tip was away from the IAN, the tooth was then removed. Traditional extraction group (n = 20) had the tooth removed immediately by the same surgeon. Post-operative results were compared between the two groups.ResultsAll 20 patients in the orthodontic extraction group had their lower impacted third molar removed easily without lower lip numbness after surgery, while 5 patients in the traditional extraction group had transient IAN injury and went away 1 week later. There were no anchorage teeth and adjacent mandibular second molar loose or displacement.ConclusionApplication of orthodontic brackets or mini bone screws on the antagonist maxillary molars is an easy way for orthodontic extraction of impacted lower third molar with roots’ tip compressed to the IAN. It is an effective way to avoid IAN injury during tooth extraction.     

Probiotic consumption decreases the number of osteoclasts during orthodontic movement in mice

AimsThe aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of probiotic (Bacillus Subtilis) supplementation on bone remodelling induced by mechanical loading.MethodsC57BL/6 mice were divided in two groups: (1) Probiotic and (2) Vehicle (water). The probiotic (1.5 × 10⁸ CFU/mL) was administered orally for 14 days, starting two days before the induction of orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). OTM was determined by histomorphometric analysis by comparing the right to the left side of the maxilla. The number of osteoclasts was determined by counting TRAP-positive cells. Osteoblasts were counted on Masson’s trichrome-stained slides.ResultsOTM was similar between groups (with and without probiotic supplementation) (p = 0.46). The number of TRAP-positive cells increased (p < 0.01) on the experimental side (where the spring coil was installed) in comparison to the control side in both groups. However, the number of osteoclasts decreased (p ˂ 0.01) in the probiotic group, in comparison to the vehicle group. There was an increase in the number of osteoblasts (p ˂ 0.05) in both the Vehicle and Probiotic groups on the side under OTM, independent of probiotic supplementation.ConclusionOral Supplementation with a probiotic influenced the number of osteoclasts adjacent to the tooth root during orthodontic movement in mice.     

Metabolic control and periodontal treatment decreases elevated oxidative stress in the early phases of type 1 diabetes onset

ObjectiveRecently, increasing concern has been focused on the contribution of oxidative stress in the pathology of periodontal disease and diabetes mellitus. Firstly, the present study aimed to analyze gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), salivary, and serum oxidative status in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) at diagnosis and systemically healthy children with and without gingivitis. Additionally, the diabetic patients were reevaluated after diabetes and periodontal treatment.DesignThe study groups were composed of 32 T1DM patients at diagnosis, and age- and gender-matched thirty-six systemically healthy children with (G) and without (H) gingivitis. The diabetic patients who took insulin therapy (1.5 units/kg/day totally) and periodontal treatment (oral hygiene education with professional scaling) were reevaluated after 3 months. The levels of total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), and oxidative stress index (OSI) were recorded.ResultsGCF, salivary, and serum OSI were elevated in group T1DM compared to the other groups at baseline (p < 0.05), and decreased in group T1DM at reevaluation compared to baseline (p < 0.05). GCF OSI was positively correlated with periodontal clinical parameters (p < 0.05). Glycated hemoglobin was positively correlated with GCF TOS (r = 0.302, p = 0.007), GCF OSI (r = 0.346, p = 0.002), salivary TOS (r = 0.326, p = 0.046), and serum TOS (r = 0.239, p = 0.044).ConclusionThe instability in the oxidative status that accompanies diabetes may be considered a significant pathogenic factor of diabetes-related periodontal inflammation.     

Chronophysiological features of the normal mineral composition of human saliva

BackgroundThe high rate of changes in the composition of saliva can be used for the monitoring of various biorhythms in order to study the physiological characteristics of the human body.Research objectiveThe study of the dynamics of the near-24-h mineral composition of saliva in men and women.MethodsThe study involved 20 men and 20 women, age 23.1 ± 0.9 years. Saliva samples were collected every 3 h during the day within 10 min. The mineral composition of saliva was defined by the capillary electrophoresis technique. The cross-group differences were evaluated using the non-parametric criterion.ResultsIt was shown that the maximum values of the mineralizing capacity fall to 7–8 a.m. and 18–19p.m., which is due to the change in the rate of saliva secretion. The near-24-h dynamics of the saliva pH practically coincides with the dynamics of the Ca/P ratio; there are evident maxima at 9:00 am and 15–18p.m. The values of the Na/K ratio are out of phase with the Ca/P ratio. There is one maximum, corresponding to 3 am in the night, and one minimum at 12–13p.m., which is due to a decreased level of sodium and increased potassium concentration. Statistically valid differences between men and women in pH (p < 0.001), concentrations of inorganic phosphorus (p < 0.001), as well as Ca/P coefficient (p = 0.011) were identified.ConclusionThe dynamics of the studied parameters during 24 h is characterized by pronounced intervals.     

Prevalence of malocclusions and orthodontic treatment need in 8- to 12-year-old schoolchildren in Casablanca,Morocco

ObjectivesThe purpose of this work was to evaluate the prevalence of malocclusions and orthodontic treatment need among schoolchildren in Casablanca, Morocco.Materials and methodsA sample of 1000 children aged between 8 and 12 years, with no history of orthodontic treatment, was chosen at random in state schools in different administrative areas of the city of Casablanca. Data was registered using the method of Bjork et al. (1964). Orthodontic treatment need was assessed with the index used by the Swedish National Board of Health (SweNBH).ResultsWe found Angle Class I malocclusions in 61.4%, Class II in 24%, Class III in 10% and an indeterminate molar class with one or more missing molars in 4.6% of the children. Overjet was 1–4 mm in 63.8%, 4–6 mm in 17.2% and >6 mm in 10%. Bite was normal in 65.4%, 23.6% presented an overbite greater than 4 mm, 1.7% an anterior open bite ≤3 mm, 1.2% an anterior open bite >3 mm and 0.2% a bilateral open bite. Half of the sample presented anterior crowding, while only 2.5% presented posterior crowding. In all, 84.2% of the subjects needed some orthodontic treatment, and 15.8% needed no treatment. No statistically significant difference was found between sex or age and orthodontic treatment need (P>0.05).ConclusionsThis study found a strong need for orthodontic treatment, confirming the utility of implementing a programme of bucco-dental prevention and screening for malocclusion.