输卵管绝育与复孕的关系

<正>实行计划生育是一项重要国策,输卵管结扎术是落实计划生育的重要措施之一.对需再孕者行输卵管复通术,大大解除了绝育者的后顾之忧,使输卵管结扎绝育法易于推广.自1988年2月～1995年12月应用显微外科技术对276例输卵管结扎绝育者进行了输卵管复通术,由于结扎部位和方法不同,复孕的成功率也不相同,本文对输卵管结扎部位、方法和吻合后的输卵管长度与复孕术的关系进行分析,认为于峡部进行结扎绝育术,尽量少切除输卵管组织可提高复孕成功率,现分析如下.     

显微输卵管复通术50例临床分析

目的 探讨显微输卵管复通术的手术效果。方法 采用放大10倍的显微镜对20例输卵管结扎术后患者和30例输卵管性不孕患者进行输卵管复通术。结果 通过随访观察4年，绝育术后患者术后输卵管复通率为90．0％(18／20)，复孕率为85．0％(17／20)；输卵管性不孕患者术后复通率63．3％(19／30)，复孕率53．3％(16／30)。结论 输卵管阻塞的原因是手术成功的关键，输卵管复通部位和结扎方式明显影响输卵管的复孕率；显微输卵管复通术可明显提高输卵管复通率和复孕率。     

改良输卵管结扎术的临床应用

对１９８３年至１９９２年间在我院妇产科行经腹输卵管折叠结扎切除术（Ｐｏｍｅｒｏｙ’ｓ法）妇女６０２例（Ｐｏｍｅｒｏｙ组）、抽心近端包埋法结扎术妇女５０４例（包埋组）、改良输卵管结扎术即输卵管结扎切断重叠术妇女７００例（重叠组），进行术后半年、２年及５年的随访，观察术后妊娠、月经异常、腰痛、下腹坠痛及白带增多等情况。结果：重叠组术后妊娠率为０．４３％，明显低于Ｐｏｍｅｒｏｙ组的１．５０％（Ｐ〈０．０     

影响输卵管吻合术成功因素的分析

目的 :研究影响输卵管结扎后吻合成功的因素。方法 :随访 1991年 1月至 1999年 6月行输卵管结扎术后吻合术 (PTLA)的 198例 ,分析影响PTLA成功的因素。结果 :随访 175例 ( 88 38% ) 1年以上 ,其中PTLA成功 170例 ( 97 14% ) ;妊娠141例 ( 80 57% ) ,包括 1例宫外孕 ,术后 1年内妊娠 116例 ( 82 2 7% )。影响PTLA成功的因素有 ( 1)从输卵管结扎至吻合术的时间 :<5年妊娠率为 79 76% ,≥ 5年妊娠率 81 32 % ,差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5) ;( 2 )输卵管结扎方式 :采用抽芯包埋法结扎者妊娠率为 82 14% ,采用Pomeroy改良法者妊娠率为 79 12 % ,差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5) ;( 3)输卵管吻合方式 :峡部 -峡部吻合者妊娠率为 92 96% ,壶腹部 -壶腹部吻合者妊娠率为 71 4 3% ,峡部 -壶腹部吻合者妊娠率为 71 4 3% ,前者与后两者差异有显著性 (P <0 0 5) ;( 4 )吻合术后输卵管长度 :两侧输卵管≥ 5cm者妊娠率为82 76% ,其中一侧输卵管≥ 5cm者妊娠率为 81 92 % ,两侧输卵管均 <5cm者妊娠率为 37 5% ,前两者差异无显著性 ,前两者与后者差异有显著性 (P <0 0 5) ;( 5)吻合术者输卵管有无异常 :术前输卵管有异常者妊娠率为 70 9% ,无异常者为 89 89% ,差异有显著性 (P <0 0 5) ;( 6)吻合术后是否放支架 ,术后未?     

带铜不锈钢环形宫内节育器与不锈钢环形宫内节育器放置二年的临床效果比较

本文对1978年1月至1980年4月同期放置带铜不锈钢环形宫内节育器1154例和不锈钢环形宫内节育器1298例进行定期随访,以比较临床效果。资料均满二年,按生命表统计临床效果,结果为:①粗累计带器妊娠率,带铜节育器为2.85/100妇女,明显低于不带铜金属单环7.90/100妇女(p<0.01)。②脱落率,带铜节育器为19.28/100妇女,高于不带铜的15.78/100妇女(p<0.05)。③因症取出率分别为8.74及7.60/100妇女(p>0.05),二组间无差异。④二年继续存放率分别为67.56/100妇女和67.71/100妇女(p>0.05),二组相似。带铜节育器带器妊娠率明显降低,且不明显增加因症取出率,建议扩大使用。对于带铜宫内节育器的脱落率稍高的缺点有待研究和改进。     

输卵管吻合术68例临床分析

目的:探讨输卵管吻合术后的临床妊娠效果及影响因素.方法:回顾分析我院妇科2009年2月至2011年12月经审批符合再育、无手术禁忌证,经腹行直视下输卵管吻合术68例患者临床资料,观察术后妊娠情况.结果:①术后3年内妊娠27例,36例未受孕,5例失访；②68例妇女的宫内妊娠率为42.9％ (27/63),无异位妊娠发生;③输卵管吻合术后妊娠与年龄、吻合输卵管长度、合并输卵管炎、术后通液通畅情况有关(P＜0.05).结论:在术前排除输卵管因素以外的不孕因素后,临床研究证明经腹直视下输卵管吻合术是可行的,妊娠率较高.但术后的妊娠率与患者年龄、吻合输卵管长度、术后通液等因素密切相关.     

异位妊娠保留功能手术后的生育力

1976～1986年作者对243例异位妊娠手术的妇女进行分析,比较术后生育力。分为二组:Ⅰ组63例输卵管妊娠行保留器官手术;Ⅱ组180例输卵管妊娠行输卵管切除术。结果1981年以来,保留输卵管的手术持续上升,1986年首次超过输卵管切除术。保留器官手术在平均孕7～8周至输卵管破裂时进行,大多数在孕10周输卵管破裂才入院。壶腹部异位妊娠>52％。63例保留器官的手术中,妊娠率为47.6％和活产率为36.5％。异位妊娠的复发率为6.3％,1例发生于第3次异位妊娠之后。术前所有病人均切盼小孩,45例(71.4％)妇女术后仍有这个愿望。30例     

356例药物流产引起输卵管阻塞不孕的临床分析

目的:探讨药物流产终止早孕对继发不孕妇女输卵管通畅性的影响。方法:对近4年就诊于我所有药物流产史的不孕者356例,依据药物流产终止妊娠时间将其分为A组:停经>6周(n=264),B组:停经≤6周(n=92),子宫输卵管碘油造影比较二组输卵管通畅情况。结果:356例共输卵管712条,有611条输卵管阻塞或通而不畅(85.81%)。A组输卵管阻塞率(93.19%)明显高于B组(64.67%),P<0.05。结论:药物流产后可以引起输卵管阻塞,是很多继发不孕妇女的不孕因素之一,而孕6周以上的妇女采用药物流产更易引起输卵管阻塞,未生育者要慎重对待,绝不能以药物流产当作避孕措施。     

5种绝育术后腹腔镜复通术的效果分析

目的:探讨几种常见输卵管绝育手术后,进行腹腔镜输卵管复通术的效果及影响因素.方法:回顾分析1999～2008年间我院对89例妇女进行输卵管绝育术后复通手术,对不同绝育方法的复通效果及影响因素进行比较.结果:89例接受复通手术的妇女随访到86例,随访率96.63%.复通术后前6个月妊娠率最高为52.33%(45/86);抽芯包埋法和夹绝育复通术后宫内妊娠率显著高于其他方法(P<0.05);输卵管粘堵术及伞端切除术比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).峡-峡部、壶-壶腹部及峡-壶腹部吻合术后宫内妊娠率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),均显著高于造口术后及宫腔植入术(P均<0.05),后两者比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论:在输卵管绝育时应避开血管,减少系膜损伤,可提高术后复通的成功率,使绝育手术更具可逆性;粘堵及伞端切除绝育复通效果较差;复通术后没有必要短期避孕.     

体外受精-胚胎移植(IVF-ET)输卵管积水预处理后冻融胚胎解冻移植结局分析

目的:探讨体外受精-胚胎移植(IVF-ET)中输卵管积水患者积水处理(单侧或双侧输卵管切除/结扎)后冻融胚胎移植结局和影响因素。方法:回顾分析2012年6月~2014年6月在兰州大学第一医院生殖医学专科医院因输卵管积水行IVF-ET的117例患者的临床资料。117例患者中,取卵后因积水返流宫腔行全胚冷冻取消移植者69例,不良结局者48例。比较行输卵管积水处理后的117例患者(研究组)和因输卵管因素行冻融胚胎解冻移植(FET)的212例患者的妊娠结局。结果:研究组117例患者中111例行积水单侧或双侧结扎/切除,6例行输卵管栓塞,FET 115例后妊娠70例,妊娠率60.87%,早期流产8例,流产率11.42%,宫角妊娠2例。对照组212例完成206个解冻移植周期,妊娠114例,妊娠率55.33%,早期流产12例,早期流产率10.52%,异位妊娠3例,异位妊娠率2.63%。两组的受精率、可利用胚胎率、临床妊娠率等无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论:体外受精-胚胎移植(IVF-ET)取卵后输卵管积水切除或结扎或栓塞后行冻融胚胎解冻移植,可获得良好的妊娠结局。     

Analysis of female sterilization technics

To examine different female sterilization techniques, the cases of 846 women who were sterilized between July 1965 and December 1970 at the University of Utah Medical Center were compared for length of hospital stay, complications, and failure rates, and were followed up for at least 18 months. The most common sterilization technique was vaginal tubal ligation (365 cases). The average hospital stay for this procedure was 3.6 days with serious complications occurring at a rate of 2.6%. Postpartum tubal ligation was performed in 252 women and required an average of 1 day longer than the usual 3-day maternity hospital stay. The serious-complication rate was 2.1%. 115 patients underwent abdominal or caesarean-section tubal ligations, with their hospital stay lasting 6.0-6.8 days. Their complication rate was 4.2%. Hysterectomy was performed in 109 patients, whose average hospital stay was 8 days with a serious-complication rate of 8.0% including 1 death. There were 6 failures among the tubal ligations, 3 each with the Pomeroy and fimbriectomy techniques. The failure rates were 3% for the Pomeroy and 4.7% for the fimbriectomy. There was 1 failure among the hysterectomies. Choice of sterilization techniques depends on the individual physiological characteristics of the patient, but the Pomeroy technique through the vaginal route is suggested whenever possible.     

Controversy on the method of sterilization during cesarean section: tubal ligation or hysterectomy? Review of the literature

During 1982-1992, 111 cesarean sections followed by 109 tubal ligations (Pomeroy method) and two hysterectomies were performed at two hospitals in Yaounde, Cameroon. All the patients were informed of the necessity of limiting births because of risks posed by future pregnancies. All women gave informed consent. The leading indications for cesarean section were limited pelvis associated with previous cesarean section(s)-related scarred uterus (59 cases) and fetal distress (33 cases). The two principal indications for tubal ligation were previous cesarean sections (64 cases) and grand multiparity (i.e., 5 births) (45 cases). 37.1% of tubal ligation cases had more than five children. The number of tubal ligation cases after cesarean section was highest in 1983 (16 cases), 1984 (13 cases), 1990 (16 cases), 1991 (13 cases), and 1992 (12 cases). No woman younger than 24 years old underwent tubal ligation. 77.1% of tubal ligations occurred to women aged 30-40. Immediate hysterectomy was required in two cases to control severe hemorrhaging. Three tubal ligation cases lost more than 1000 cc of blood and had to be transfused. All 111 cesarean section cases received prophylactic antibiotics. The surgeon perforated the bladder of a patient who had had three previous cesarean sections when he/she dissected the lower segment of the peritoneal cavity. This case suffered no postoperative complications. Surgeons had to reintervene two hours after the tubal ligation because the ligature thread loosened at the level of the two fallopian tubes, causing a hemorrhage. No one developed fever. There were no fetal or maternal deaths. The peri- and post-operative complication rate was lower than that of other like studies. The researchers recommend tubal ligation as the preferable sterilization method after cesarean section. Hysterectomy should only be used in cases of severe hemorrhaging which can lead to maternal death.     

A technique for laparoscopic pomeroy tubal ligation with endoloop sutures.

A laparoscopic technique of Pomeroy tubal ligation using endoloop sutures was compared with the conventional technique of laparoscopic tubal ligation with Silastic rings. Fifty-three patients selected from a population undergoing tubal ligation were randomized to either the Pomeroy (N = 28) or ring (N = 25) group. Mean (+/- standard deviation) operative time for the Pomeroy group was 27.39 +/- 5.95 minutes, with a range of 18-40; for the ring group, the time was 23.11 +/- 11.53 minutes, with a range of 12-58. These times were not statistically different. Operative complication were encountered only in the ring group and included two lacerations of the mesosalpinx. There were no technical or method failures over a follow-up interval of 12-18 months. Specimens confirmed tubal histology in all cases in the Pomeroy group. Laparoscopic Pomeroy tubal ligation using endoloop sutures was easily performed, comparable to laparoscopic application of Silastic rings, and provided a surgical specimen to confirm tubal histology. This aspect may represent a medicolegal advantage of documentation not available with other laparoscopic techniques of tubal ligation.     

Experience with minilaparotomy in the Philippines.

This paper presents the socio-demographic characteristics, medical histories, and clinical data on 651 women sterilized by interval minilaparotomy procedures in Manila, Philippines. About two thirds of the procedures were performed with local anesthesia; the Pomeroy technique was used for tubal ligation. In 2.8% of the patients, salpingectomy or fimbriectomy was performed on one side because of surgical difficulties and complications. Surgical difficulties were encountered in 19.8% of the procedures; adhesions (4.3%) and bowel interference (4.0%) were the most frequent causes of surgical difficulty. Complications occurred during surgery in 1.7% of the procedures. Early postoperative complications were noted in 9.1% of the cases. None of the patients required readmission to the hospital. While 612 women were followed up at 6 months, 299 were followed up at 12 months. One women (0.2%) became pregnant after sterilization; at repeat minilaparotomy, ligation of the left round ligament rather than the tube was observed. Pelvic surgery, other than pregnancy-related surgery, during the year following sterilization was reported for one patient who underwent exploratory laparotomy with appendectomy and oophorocystectomy. Menstrual pattern changes were minimal. The results of this study suggest that tubal ligation via minilaparotomy is practical, safe, and effective.     

The Endosquid, a new device for laparoscopic Pomeroy tubal ligation

The Pomeroy method is a most widely practiced and most familiar form of tubal ligation. It traditionally requires laparotomy or multiple-puncture laparoscopic suturing, which is not a realistic option for the average endoscopist. We designed a 5-mm device, the Endosquid, to reproduce Pomeroy tubal ligation laparoscopically using a single 5-mm accessory puncture site. It is able to ligate, transect, and remove a loop of isthmic tube. We tested the Endosquid in a porcine model by ligating 25 bicornuate uterine horns and aortas. Ligation times averaged less than 5 minutes for each application. Gross and histologic evaluation of ligation specimens performed at necropsy confirmed correct placement. Blood loss was negligible and there were no operative complications.     

Laparoscopic pomeroy tubal ligation: a comparison with tubal cauterization in a teaching hospital

OBJECTIVE: To compare laparoscopic Pomeroy tubal ligation to standard bipolar tubal cauterization for the outcome measures of failure rate, complication rate and procedure duration, with an analysis of the effect of resident experience on procedure duration. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study of patients presenting for interval sterilization between August 1998 and June 2000. RESULTS: The characteristics of the laparoscopic Pomeroy (n = 99) and bipolar cautery (n = 62) patients were comparable. The mean procedure duration was 40.8 +/- 14.6 minutes for laparoscopic Pomeroy and 39.6 +/- 18.8 minutes for bipolar cautery (p < 0.68). Multiple regression analysis revealed that procedure duration was a function of both months in residency (R2 = .098, p < 0.007) and number of laparoscopic Pomeroy procedures performed (R2 = .082, p < 0.01). One complication occurred with each procedure (p < 0.576). Two sterilization failures occurred after bipolar cautery and 1 after laparoscopic Pomeroy (p < 0.33). The laparoscopic Pomeroy failure occurred in the shortest tubal segment obtained, 0.7 cm, versus the average segment length, 2.07 +/- .79 cm. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic Pomeroy did not differ from bipolar cautery for the outcome measures studied. Both time in residency and procedure-specific experience affect the duration of laparoscopic Pomeroy. A tubal segment length of 1 cm should be removed to limit sterilization failures.     

Kroener tubal ligation in perspective

An extensive review of the literature and clinical study of 404 women undergoing surgical sterilization procedures at the David Grant USAF Medical Center, Travis AFB, in 1970 and 1971, were made in order to evaluate the current status of tubal ligations, with their particular advantages and complications. Ninety-five per cent of 256 patients responded to follow-up written questionaire 6 to 22 months after their operation. Tubal ligation failure rate was 0.9 per cent, and 3.2 per cent of patients who underwent tubal ligation required further pelvic operations. It was concluded that tubal ligations in general and colpotomy with Kroener fimbriectomy in particular remain among the most effective, economic, rapid, safe, simple, and best accepted surgical sterilization procedures available. This procedure is attended by fewer complications than any of the other methods evaluated with the possible exception of laparoscopy with tubal fulguration, which requires further evaluation.     

Color doppler flow analysis of uterine and ovarian arteries before and after tubal sterilization: electrocautery versus pomeroy

BACKGROUND/AIM: To compare the changes in uterine and ovarian artery blood flow following laparoscopic sterilization via bipolar cautery with Pomeroy tubal ligation via mini-laparotomy in patients who had voluntary surgical sterilization. METHODS: Ninety consecutive fertile women applying for voluntary tubal ligation were recruited in this prospective study. Patients were allocated for either laparoscopic tubal ligation via bipolar electrocoagulation (group 1) or Pomeroy tubal ligation via mini-laparotomy (group 2) according to their preference. Color Doppler flow analysis of uterine and ovarian arteries were carried out on the 3rd day of the cycle prior to the procedure (D(0)), on the 3rd postoperative day (D(1)) and on the 3rd day of the cycle, 3 months (D(3)) following the surgery. The significance of difference between the three measurements was analyzed by using analysis of variance. RESULTS: Prior to surgery, the mean pulsatility index of the uterine artery, left and right ovarian arteries were 1.9 +/- 0.3, 1.8 +/- 0.3, 1.8 +/- 0.2 in group 1 and 1.8 +/- 0.08, 1.8 +/- 0.08, 1.8 +/- 0.07 in group 2, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between group 1 and group 2 in terms of D(0) values (p > 0.05). 3rd postoperative day and 3rd month measurements of both uterine and ovarian arteries in group 1 and group 2 did not show any statistically significant difference from that of preoperative values (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: No alternation in the flow of either ovarian or uterine arteries following tubal sterilization performed by bipolar electrocautery and Pomeroy's technique was determined both in the immediate postoperative period and 3 months after the surgery.     

Postpartum tubal sterilization. A comparative study of the Hulka clip and modified Pomeroy technique

To assess the feasibility of Hulka clip application for postpartum sterilization, 50 women were enrolled in a randomized, prospective study comparing modified Pomeroy tubal ligation and Hulka clip application. Hulka clip tubal occlusion in the postpartum period compared favorably with the commonly performed postpartum sterilization technique. Because of the simplicity of the technique and its greater potential reversibility, Hulka clip application may have advantages over standard postpartum sterilization techniques and should be considered for use in the postpartum period.     

Effects of three different sterilization methods on utero-ovarian Doppler blood flow and serum levels of ovarian hormones

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to assess pre-operative and post-operative serum levels of ovarian hormones and changes in utero-ovarian arterial blood flow by Doppler ultrasonography in women in whom one of three different sterilization methods was applied. STUDY DESIGN: The Pomeroy method of tubal ligation, fimbriectomy, or laparoscopic bipolar coagulation were applied in 42 patients. Serum levels of sex hormones were checked, and utero-ovarian arterial Doppler measurements were performed pre-operatively and post-operatively. The presence or absence of dysmenorrhea was noted before and after the operations. RESULTS: We detected a significant increase in the average uterine arterial resistivity index (RI) and both ovarian arterial pulsatility index (PI) values in the Pomeroy method group (p<0.05). There was a significant increase in dysmenorrhea complaints in the total number of patients (p<0.05), particularly in the fimbriectomy group. CONCLUSION: The significant increase in uterine arterial Doppler measurements with the Pomeroy method may be due to the removal of a larger tubal segment. Even though the increase is not statistically significant, fimbriectomy should not be applied in young women, because it may increase dysmenorrhea and the procedure is not reversible.