吸烟对再植断指血管危象发生率影响的临床观察

目的 探讨吸烟对断指再植术后血管危象发生率的影响及机制。方法 观察吸烟后发生血管危象比率;分析血管危象发生时间、处理结果;比较吸烟方式对血管危象发生的影响。结果 吸烟显著增加再植断指血管危象发生率,被动吸烟者超过主动吸烟者;血管危象大多(94．87％)发生在14日内,其中85．33％为动脉危象,6．67％为静脉危象,8．0％为混合危象;血管痉挛因素明显高于血栓因素。结论 吸烟极易诱发血管危象;指动脉顽固性痉挛、血液粘稠度增加是吸烟导致血管危象的主要病理机制。     

断指再植术后改良治疗对再植成活率和血管危象发生率的影响

目的探讨断指再植术后改良治疗方案对再植指成活率和血管危象发生率的影响。方法将726例断指再植患者按治疗方法分为改良组和常规组,每组363例。观察术后改良治疗对两组血管危象发生率和再植成活率的影响。通过一段时间治疗,将两组中发生血管危象的120例归为观察组,未发生血管危象的606例归为对照组,对影响血管危象发生率的因素进行单因素和多因素分析。结果改良组和常规组血管危象发生率分别为7.4%和25.6%,差异有统计学意义(P0.01);观察组和对照组再植成活率分别为97.5%和85.0%,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。筛选出患者性别、年龄、吸烟史、受伤原因、缺血时间和离断平面6个影响血管危象发生率和再植成活率的因素,结果均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论改良治疗方案基于合理的用药理念,选用了有别于常规的不良反应小的三抗药物,根据患者再植指血运情况适当缩减患者的卧床时间,对患者进行术后心理干预和饮食护理,明显降低了术后血管危象的发生率,提高了断指再植的成活率。     

断指再植术后病人夜间发生血管危象原因分析及对策

对57例(67指)断指再植病人进行回顾性分析,结果发生血管危象13指,其中夜间发生8指(61.5%).分析夜间发生血管危象的原因有生理特点、疼痛、吸烟、寒冷及其他因素.提示夜间发生血管危象的比例较大,加强断指再植病人术后监护,尤其是正确处理夜间发生的血管危象可提高断指再植成活率.     

利伐沙班联合非洛地平预防断指再植术后小动脉危象的疗效研究

目的探讨利伐沙班联合非洛地平预防断指再植术后动脉危象的疗效,并对药物的副作用进行观察。方法2009年8月-2010年8月,研究组65例断指再植患者术后应用利伐沙班联合非洛地平预防术后动脉危象,对照组78例断指再植患者术后应用罂粟碱、肝素钠预防术后动脉危象,观察记录断指再植动脉危象发生情况、成活情况、药物副作用,进行统计学分析。结果研究组较对照组再植指体血管危象发生率低,断指再植成活率高,药物副作用少。结论利伐沙班联合非洛地平在断指再植术后应用,能够降低断指再植术后小动脉危象的发生率,同时药物副作用少,患者对药物的依从性及耐受性好。     

末节断指再植术后血管危象的危险因素

目的分析末节断指再植术后发生血管危象的危险因素,为预防血管危象的发生提供理论依据.方法总结65指末节断指再植病例,统计患者性别、年龄、指别、优势手别、伤因、断指缺血时间、断指保存方式、离断平面、血小板检测值、再植顺序、动脉修复方式、静脉回流方式、是否发生血管危象等因素,进行t检验、秩和检验或X2检验等单因素分析并行多因素Logistic回归分析,判定再植术后血管危象发生的危险因素.结果 65指末节断指再植术后有13指发生血管危象,发生率为20%.单因素分析结果表明,发生血管危象患者血小板检测值显著高于未发生者(P<0.01).静脉回流方式(P＜0.05)、伤因(P＜0.05)、断指保存方式(P<0.05)、年龄(P＜0.01)与血管危象发生有关.多因素Logistic回归分析,血小板检测值(OR=1.015,P＜0.05)、年龄(OR=0.349,P＜0.05)、静脉回流方式(OR=0.278,P＜0.05)是血管危象发生的独立预测因素.6岁以下患儿血管危象发生率达61.5%,显著高于其他年龄组(P＜0.05);单纯吻合静脉重建回流方式者危象发生率为43.8%,显著高于其他方法组(P＜0.01).结论年龄、血小板水平以及静脉回流方式是影响末节断指再植术后血管危象发生的独立预测因素.术中根据具体伤情决定合适的静脉回流方式,术后加强抗凝治疗及对高危人群的观察对预防末节断指再植术后血管危象的发生有一定意义.     

断指再植术后发生血管危象的原因分析及处理对策

目的 减少断指再植术后血管危象的发生，提高断指再植的成活率。方法 对388例（476指）断指再植患者进行回顾性调查，分析发生血管危象的原因有生理特点、再植条件、疼痛、精神因素、吸烟等。结果 发生血管危象46指（发生率为11．9％），其中夜间发生35指（76．1％）。结论 及时正确处理血管危象是提高断指再植成活率的重要措施。     

不缩短指骨显微外科末节断指再植术治疗末节断指疗效及对再植成活率、血管危象的影响

目的探讨不缩短指骨显微外科末节断指再植术治疗末节断指的疗效及对再植成活率、血管危象的影响。方法选取2013-07—2016-07间洛阳正骨医院收治的50例末节断指患者,均实施不缩短指骨的显微外科末节断指再植术。回顾性分析患者的临床资料。结果断指成活率为96.49%。共有6指(10.53%)发生血管危象,其中2指(3.51%)最终坏死。存活指中再植优良率为94.55%。结论不缩短指骨显微外科末节断指再植术治疗末节断指,疗效显著,再植成活率高,血管危象发生率较低。     

断指再植术发生血管危象的原因分析及防治措施

目的 探讨断指再植术发生血管危象的原因及预防和处理方法,提高再植的成活率.方法 观察不同时间、不同环境条件下进行再植98例132指发生血管危象情况,回顾分析其原因并针对性提出有效的预防措施和处理方法.结果 2006年3月至2007年6月再植49例65指,术中及术后发生血管危象分别为35指和19指,经用温生理盐水、局部注射罂粟碱等保守处理,对不缓解的再植指手术探查,成活58指,成功率89.2%.2007年7月至2009年3月再植49例67指,术中及术后发生血管危象分别为10指和5指,先经保守处理,对不缓解的再植指手术探查,血运恢复后经屈指肌腱鞘植入PCA泵给药防止术后血管危象的发生,成活66指,成功率98.5%.术后9例失访,89例随访时间为6～8个月.手指功能恢复良好.结论 良好充分的麻醉和保持适宜的术中环境温度是预防断指再植术发生血管危象的有效手段,重视血管危象的预防和处理可有效提高再植成活率.     

手指撕脱伤断指再植术后血管危象发生的危险因素分析

目的探讨手指撕脱伤断指再植术后血管危象发生的危险因素。方法回顾性分析2006年7月-2019年7月收治的手指撕脱伤患者216例,根据是否发生术后血管危象分为血管危象组(观察组)与非血管危象组(对照组),采用单因素分析和多因素Logistic回归分析,观察两组术后血管危象发生与否与性别、年龄、伤因,指别、就医时间、断指缺血时间、离断平面、离断程度、动脉修复度、静脉修复度、吸烟史与焦虑情况12种因素之间的关系。结果 56例发生血管危象,经积极处理,血管危象未逆转4例,最终再植失败,余再植成功,其中动、静脉血管危象分别为32例与24例,发生率分别为14.8%与11.1%。在单因素分析中,年龄、伤因、离断程度、离断平面、吸烟、动脉修复度、静脉修复度、就医时间、缺血时间、焦虑情况均可不同程度影响血管危象的发生。在多因素Logistic回归分析中,年龄、伤因、离断程度、离断平面、吸烟、动脉修复度、静脉修复度、就医时间、缺血时间、焦虑情况的程度是预测断肢再植术后血管危象发生的独立危险因素。结论年龄、伤因、离断平面、离断程度、吸烟、动脉修复度、静脉修复度、就医时间、缺血时间、焦虑情况对手指撕脱伤断指再植术后血管危象的发生具有重要影响,对于存在上述危险因素的患者需尽可能缩短术前时间,术中精细操作,尽可能修复多根血管,做好沟通工作,警惕吸烟对血管危象发生的影响。     

断指再植术后血管危象的多因素分析

目的分析影响断指再植术后发生血管危象的危险因素,为早期发现和及时防治血管危象的发生提供理论依据,从而减少断指再植术后血管危象的发生,提高断指再植的成活率。方法回顾性分析712指断指再植的病例,将患者性别、年龄、指别、伤因、断指缺血时间、离断平面、是否完全离断、动脉修复情况、静脉修复情况共九个因素分别与是否发生血管危象进行单因素分析和亚变量多因素Logistic回归分析,探讨断指再植术后发生血管危象的独立预测因素。结果712指断指再植术后共有132指发生血管危象,其中静脉危象44指,动脉危象88指,危象发生率为18．5％。单因素分析结果表明:性别、年龄、指别、伤因、离断平面、是否完全离断、动脉修复情况、静脉修复情况对血管危象的发生均有影响。二分类亚变量Logistic多因素分析表明,性别、年龄、伤因、离断平面、是否完全离断、动脉修复情况是断指再植术后发生血管危象的独立的预测因素。结论性别、年龄、伤因、离断平面、是否完全离断、动脉修复情况是断指再植术后发生血管危象的独立的预测因素。对于发生血管危象机率高的患者术中要精细操作,术后密切观察,预防断指再植术后血管危象的发生。     

多手指多节段离断再植

目的探讨多手指、多节段断指再植的方法及功能恢复。方法对12例43指113节段予以再植,采用分组协作、“流水式”清创、“逆行法”再植的方法,按先远端、后近端顺序依次再植示、中、环、小指。结果再植指成活率93.0%,平均随访3.5年,手功能评定:优2例,良5例,差4例,劣1例,优良率58.3%。结论多手指、多节段断指再植采用非常规方法,仍能获得较高成活率;手功能恢复较差原因可能有适应证选择、贯穿关节固定、忽视术后康复等有关。     

The acute effect of cigarette smoking on the microcirculation of a replanted digit.

Thirty-one patients who had undergone digital replantation or revascularization volunteered to participate in a study of the acute effect of smoking on the microcirculation of the skin of replanted fingers. Fourteen were smokers and 17 were nonsmokers at the time of the study. Blood flow was assessed by means of the laser Doppler flowmeter under standard conditions. Each smoker inhaled 2 cigarettes. During smoking of the first and second cigarettes a mean decrease in laser Doppler flow of 8% and 19%, respectively, was found, whereas the nonsmokers showed a slight increase of 4% and 4%, respectively. Ten minutes after the last cigarette almost no recovery could be detected. The negative effect of smoking on the microcirculation in replanted digits proved to be more pronounced in the patients operated on more recently. This experiment confirms that smoking after replantation surgery should be prohibited to guarantee optimal circulation.     

多指离断再植的探讨

目的 探讨多指离断再植手术中各阶段处理方法，提高各种断指再植的成功率。方法 手指末节、指尖部的断指再植，吻合1条动脉及静脉或者吻合1条动态加拔指甲、小切口放血处理，手指中节断指再植吻合动，静脉比例为1：1，手指近节的距离断再植吻合动、静脉比列1：2或者2：2。如有血管缺损，行浅静脉移植桥接或者邻指动脉移植修复。临床再植58例，142指。结果 再植58例142指中成活129指，成活率90.8%。术后经3个月-3年随访到46例113指。按断指再植评定标准评定，其中优53指，良44指，可14指，差7指，总优良率85.8%.结论 多指离断再植手术时间长,技术要求高。术中高质量的血管吻合及对血管缺损的正确处理，术后血管危象的防治是提高多手指离断再植成功的关键。加强功能锻炼是再植手指功能恢复的重要环节。     

Sensory recovery following digital replantation

The recovery of sensibility following digital replantation is essential in the restoration of hand function. We reviewed 12 series of digital replantations between 1977 and 1989. Three hundred sixty-seven fingers and 87 thumbs were successfully replanted. Mean age was 32.5 years. Mean follow-up was 33.5 months. Mean static two-point discrimination (S2PD) was 9.3 mm in clean thumbs vs. 12.1 mm in crush/avulsion thumb replantations. Mean S2PD was 8 mm in clean finger vs. 15 mm in crush/avulsion finger replantations. Overall mean S2PD was 11 mm in thumb and 12 mm in finger replantations. Sixty-one percent of replanted thumbs and 54% of replanted fingers regained useful S2PD (less than 15 mm or greater than or equal to S3 +). Factors that influenced digital sensibility following replantation included patient's age, level and mechanism of injury, digital blood flow, cold intolerance, and postoperative sensory reeducation. Recovery of sensibility in the replanted digit is comparable to simple nerve repair and to nerve grafting techniques. Further emphasis should be on elucidating the mechanism of cold intolerance, which was a significant complaint for most replanted digits. The universal practice of postoperative sensory reeducation will continue to improve digital sensibility following replantation.     

Cold Induced Vasospasm in Replanted Digits: A Comparison Between Different Methods of Arterial Reconstruction

Nineteen patients each of whom had had a single digit replanted were examined after replantation. The arterial reconstruction had been done with long grafts (n = 10) or short grafts or no graft (n = 9). The effect of local or whole body cooling on the replanted and uninjured opposite digits was monitored (9–46 months after the replantation), and the patients were given a questionnaire (9–95 months after replantation) designed to explore the development of their coid related symptoms in relation to time. All patients were troubled by cold intolerance, and improvement occurred in only 60% of the cases. Pathological (vasospastic) arterial reactions to cold measured as finger systolic pressure, were less common after replantation with long grafts. Perceived cold intolerance was significantly more pronounced in the group of patients (60%) who had evidence of cold induced arterial spasm in the replanted finger.     

Recovery of sensation in replanted digits— time of recovery and degree of two-point discrimination

Even if good motor function returns in a replanted digit, if no useful sensation returns, the digit cannot be considered fully functional. In such cases sensory reconstruction with nerve grafts may be necessary, but it is difficult to determine the optimal time for such surgery. Therefore, we studied 37 replanted digits in which the palmar digital nerves had been severed bilaterally and anastomosed at the replantation procedure. Our findings indicate a correlation between the time at which sensation returned to the digits and the degree of two-point discrimination (2PD) that returned. In digits in which sensation returned less than four months after replantation, a 2PD of less than 15 mm returned in more than 50% of cases, but when more than four months passed before the return of sensation, a useful degree of 2PD seldom returned. We believe, therefore, that if the recovery of sensation in a replanted digit has not been satisfactory by four months after replantation, reconstructive surgery should be considered.     

吻合邻指指背皮瓣静脉治疗断指再植术后静脉危象的处理

目的介绍用吻合邻指指背皮瓣静脉治疗断指再植术后出现静脉危象的方法。方法对8例再植指术后3～48h出现静脉危象经保守治疗无效者，取邻指背侧带蒂皮瓣转位至再植指指背区，切除再植指指背栓塞静脉段及炎性水肿皮缘后，将皮瓣静脉与指背静脉吻合。术后4周断蒂。结果8例再植指全部存活。术后随访3～12个月，按中华医学会手外科学会上肢部分功能评定试用标准评定，优良率为87．5％。供指无明显功能障碍。结论利用邻指带蒂背侧皮瓣移位可修复再植指的静脉回流，又可用健康皮肤覆盖创面，手术简便，效果好，实用性强。     

Replantation in children

The authors have replanted 162 parts in 120 children over the past 15 years. The youngest patient, undergoing successful replantation, was aged 7 months, 3 weeks. Unlike an adult, any child suffering a traumatic amputation should be considered for a possible replantation. Replantation should consist of minimal bone shortening to preserve epiphyseal plates, with repair of all severed structures. Longitudinal K-wires usually provide adequate fixation. Our survival rate for complete replantation in children under the age of 16 years is 77%. Long-term study showed that continued skeletal growth occurred and the digit attained 81% of normal longitudinal length at maturity. Recovery of sensibility in the replanted digit is nearly as good as for isolated digital nerve repair. Patient and parent satisfaction is high when replantation is successful, with uniform approval of the extensive effort required.