淋球菌流行株对阿奇霉素等7种抗菌药物敏感性的检测

目的:检测2013年度本地区临床分离的淋球菌流行株对青霉素、四环素、大观霉素、头孢曲松、环丙沙星、头孢克肟和阿奇霉素等7种抗菌药物的敏感性,分析耐药菌株的流行特点。方法:采用琼脂稀释法测定85株菌株对7种抗菌药物的最小抑菌浓度(MIC),判断敏感性按WHO西太平洋区淋球菌耐药性监测统一标准。用纸片酸度法检测产β-内酰胺酶淋球菌(PPNG)菌株。结果:85株淋球菌中检出68株对青霉素耐药(80%),产β-内酰胺酶淋球菌(PPNG)32株(37.6%);四环素耐药率为84.7%,其中质粒介导高度耐四环素淋球菌(TRNG)34株,占40%;环丙沙星和阿奇霉素的耐药率分别为97.6%和3.5%。未发现对头孢曲松、头孢克肟、大观霉素耐药菌株,但头孢曲松和头孢克肟敏感性降低的菌株分别为16.5%和5.9%。青霉素、四环素和环丙沙星的MIC50及MIC90均已超过耐药标准,青霉素和四环素MIC50及MIC90均大于耐药标准的32倍。结论:淋球菌对青霉素、四环素和环丙沙星耐药率较高,对大观霉素、头孢曲松和头孢克肟的敏感性较高,出现阿奇霉素的耐药株。     

微量稀释法检测淋球菌流行株药敏试验结果分析

 目的:对2016年10月-2018年6月我院收集的淋球菌流行株进行耐药性监测，了解本院淋球菌耐药情况。方法:采用微量稀释法测定淋球菌对青霉素、四环素、环丙沙星、大观霉素、头孢曲松、头孢克肟和阿奇霉素最低抑菌浓度（MIC），根据世界卫生组织（WHO）标准判读结果，用纸片酸度法测定产β 内酰胺酶淋球菌菌株（PPNG）。结果:共检测95株淋球菌流行株，对青霉素、四环素、环丙沙星和阿奇霉素的耐药率分别为75.79%、86.32%、91.58%和14.74%，青霉素、四环素和环丙沙星的MIC50均已超过耐药标准，未检出对大观霉素、头孢曲松和头孢克肟耐药菌株，头孢曲松和头孢克肟的低敏率分别为5.26%和9.47%。PPNG和四环素高度耐药淋球菌（TRNG）流行率为33.68%和36.84%。结论:青霉素、四环素、环丙沙星耐药率高，已不适用于淋病的治疗；大观霉素、头孢曲松、头孢克肟敏感性高，可作为治疗淋病的一线药物。持续监测淋球菌耐药性发展趋势对指导临床合理用药具有重大意义。     

587株淋球菌对青霉素等7种抗生素耐药观察

目的:对2016-2018年我院分离的587株淋球菌对青霉素等7种抗生素的耐药性监测结果进行分析,了解本地区淋球菌的耐药状况。方法:对2016年1月-2018年12月分离的587株淋球菌,采用微量肉汤稀释法测定对青霉素、环丙沙星、四环素、大观霉素、阿奇霉素、头孢克肟和头孢曲松的最低抑菌浓度(MIC),并采用纸片酸度法测定产β-内酰胺酶淋球菌(PPNG)菌株,判断标准按WHO西太区淋球菌耐药性监测统一标准。结果:587株淋球菌中,共检出PPNG 226株,占38.5%(226/587);TRNG 218株,占37.1%(218/587)。三年间PPNG(2=3.51,P>0.05)和TRNG(2=3.26,P>0.05)的流行率均无统计学差异。青霉素、环丙沙星、四环素、阿奇霉素的耐药率分别为73.8%、99.7%、95.6%、17.9%,未发现头孢曲松、头孢克肟和大观霉素耐药株,但头孢曲松和头孢克肟的低敏率分别为6.5%和9.9%。结论:587株淋球菌对青霉素、环丙沙星、四环素耐药状况严重,但对头孢曲松、头孢克肟、大观霉素敏感性较高。对淋球菌进行持续耐药监测,有助于了解流行菌株的耐药情况,为临床经验用药和合理用药提供依据。     

淋球菌130株对7种抗生素的耐药性结果分析

目的了解2018年本单位淋球菌对7种抗生素耐药趋势及产青霉素酶淋球菌(PPNG)和质粒介导的高度耐四环素淋球菌(TRNG)流行情况。方法琼脂稀释法测定青霉素、四环素、环丙沙星、大观霉素、阿奇霉素、头孢曲松、头孢克肟的最低抑菌浓度(MIC),根据世界卫生组织(WHO)的标准判定其敏感性;用纸片碘量法检测β-内酰胺酶。结果 130株淋球菌检出PPNG达43.85%(57/130),(TRNG)达22.31%(29/130),环丙沙星耐药率高达96.92%(126/130),阿奇霉素耐药率达16.15%(21/130),大观霉素未发现耐药菌,头孢曲松、头孢克肟敏感率都是90.77%(118/130),中度敏感率达9.23%(12/130)。结论头孢曲松、头孢克肟、大观霉素都未见耐药菌株,仍可推荐为广州地区淋病患者首选药物,但前二者中度敏感率呈动态变化,提示临床应长期监测耐药性动态变化的重要性。     

159株淋球菌对7种抗生素的耐药性实验研究

目的通过实验研究了解本地区淋球菌对7种抗生素的耐药情况、产β-内酰胺酶淋球菌(PPNG)和质粒介导高度耐四环素淋球菌(TRNG)流行情况。方法用琼脂稀释法测定环丙沙星、四环素、青霉素、阿奇霉素、大观霉素、头孢曲松和头孢克肟的最低抑菌浓度(MIC),根据世界卫生组织(WHO)的标准判定其敏感性;用纸片酸度法检测β-内酰胺酶。结果 159株淋球菌检出PPNG为78.9%,TRNG为48.4%,多重耐药菌株占比73.6%;对环丙沙星、四环素、青霉素、阿奇霉素的耐药率分别是100%、89.9%、89.3%、14.5%;对大观霉素、头孢曲松、头孢克肟的敏感率分别为100%、95.6%和92.5%。结论本地区淋病患者不宜使用青霉素、四环素、环丙沙星和阿奇霉素,大观霉素、头孢曲松和头孢克肟均可作为治疗药物。多重耐药菌株比例增高,应长期动态监测耐药性变化。     

淋球菌对头孢克肟等6种抗生素敏感性及耐药质粒分型研究

目的:检测2011年广东省广州、佛山、江门、肇庆四市临床分离的淋球菌流行株对青霉素、四环素、环丙沙星、头孢克肟、头孢曲松和大观霉素等6种抗生素的敏感性,对质粒介导的产β-内酰胺酶淋球菌(PPNG)和四环素高水平耐药淋球菌(TRNG)进行耐药质粒TEM-1和tetM基因分型。方法:采用琼脂稀释法测定菌株对6种抗菌药物的最小抑菌浓度(MIC),判断敏感性按WHO西太区淋球菌耐药性监测统一标准,其中头孢克肟敏感性试验和判断标准按美国临床和实验室标准化研究所(CLSI)判断。用纸片酸度法检测产β-内酰胺酶淋球菌(PPNG)菌株,多重PCR方法鉴定β-内酰胺酶质粒并进行TEM-1和TRNG tetM基因分型。结果:来自四市429株淋球菌中检出青霉素耐药364株(84.8%),四环素和环丙沙星耐药株(率)分别为389株(90.7%)和418株(97.4%),未发现对大观霉素、头孢克肟和头孢曲松耐药菌株,但头孢曲松低敏率达到34.0%(146/429),头孢克肟低敏只有1株(0.2%)。青霉素、四环素和环丙沙星的MIC50及MIC90均已超过耐药标准。检出PPNG株156株(36.4%),TRNG株201株(46.9%)。耐药质粒TEM-1基因分型以亚洲型为主(94.9%,148/156),只有8株携带非洲型质粒;tetM基因分型均为荷兰型。结论:四市淋球菌对青霉素、四环素和环丙沙星耐药率较高,对大观霉素、头孢克肟和头孢曲松的敏感性较高,TEM-1基因质粒分型以亚洲型为主,tetM基因分型均为荷兰型。     

广西地区淋病患者淋病奈瑟菌对七种抗生素的耐药监测

目的分析2013-2016年广西地区性病门诊淋病患者临床分离菌株对常见的七种抗生素的敏感性。方法从广西地区部分医疗机构淋病患者尿道或宫颈收集分泌物培养,通过纸片酸度定量法测定β内酰胺酶,琼脂稀释法测定青霉素、头孢曲松、头孢克肟、大观霉素、环丙沙星、阿奇霉素和四环素的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)。结果 2013-2016年从淋病患者中共收集临床分离菌株437株,未发现头孢曲松、头孢克肟和大观霉素的耐药菌株。有427株(97.71%)菌株和372株(85.13%)菌株分别对环丙沙星和青霉素耐药。耐四环素淋球菌(TRNG)菌株和β内酰胺酶阳性菌株(PPNG)阳性菌株分别为191株(43.71%)和145株(33.18%)。淋球菌对阿奇霉素耐药率保持1%~8%的较低水平。TRNG菌株和PPNG菌株阳性率均呈上升趋势。结论 2013-2016年期间来自广西地区性病门诊淋病患者的菌株对大观霉素、头孢曲松和头孢克肟敏感,适合作为本地区治疗淋病患者的一线药物;对阿奇霉素有一定耐药,对环丙沙星和青霉素高度耐药,TRNG菌株和PPNG菌株逐年上升,可能与青霉素和四环素的滥用或不规则使用有关。     

广东省珠海地区2010-2015年淋球菌耐药监测变化趋势分析

目的:了解广东省珠海地区淋球菌对青霉素、四环素、环丙沙星、头孢曲松和大观霉素的敏感性及质粒介导的产β-内酰胺酶淋球菌(PPNG)和四环素高水平耐药淋球菌(TRNG)流行株的变化趋势,为及时修订本地区淋病防治方案提供依据。方法:收集2010-2015年珠海性病监测点患者分离的淋球菌432株,采用琼脂稀释法测定对5种抗生素的最小抑菌浓度(MIC),纸片酸度法检测产β-内酰胺酶(PPNG)菌株,分析所得的结果。结果:6年间共监测淋球菌432株,青霉素、四环素、环丙沙星平均耐药率分别为63.2%(273/432)、96.3%(416/432)、100%(432/432),MIC_(50)和MIC_(90)均已超过了耐药标准,未检出对头孢曲松和大观霉素耐药的菌株,但头孢曲松中敏株有136株(31.5%),6年间,头孢曲松的MIC_(50)和MIC_(90)均有一个稀释度的增加。检验显示,青霉素、四环素和环丙沙星6年间耐药变化趋势以及PPNG、TRNG的流行率变化趋势无统计学差异(P>0.05),头孢曲松中敏率6年呈逐年下降趋势,2010年与2015年头孢曲松中敏率比较有统计学差异(X~2=6.9,P<0.01)。结论:6年间珠海地区流行的淋球菌耐药变化趋势平稳,对青霉素、四环素和环丙沙星的高耐药率情况无显著变化,淋球菌对大观霉素和头孢曲松仍处于敏感范围,可作为珠海地区治疗淋病的首选药物,PPNG和TRNG流行仍处于高流行率水平,头孢曲松中敏率有所下降有利于延缓耐药菌株的出现。     

珠海地区淋球菌对抗生素的耐药性分析

目的:了解珠海地区2010年度分离的淋球菌对青霉素、四环素、大观霉素、头孢曲松和环丙沙星的耐药性,分析产β-内酰胺酶淋球菌(PPNG)和四环素高度耐药淋球菌(TRNG)的流行状况。方法:采用琼脂稀释法测定菌株对5种抗生素的最小抑菌浓度(MIC);用纸片酸度法检测产β-内酰胺酶(PPNG)菌株。结果:105株淋球菌检出PPNG 33株(31.4%),TRNG 51株(48.6%);青霉素耐药率为60.1%,环丙沙星耐药率为100%,四环素耐药率为93.3%,其中同时对青霉素、四环素和环丙沙星三重耐药的有62株(59.1%);未发现大观霉素和头孢曲松耐药株,敏感性分别为100%和62.9%。结论:淋球菌对青霉素、四环素和环丙沙星的耐药率较高,壮观霉素和头孢曲松为珠海地区治疗淋病的首选药物。     

100株淋球菌对7种抗生素的耐药性结果分析

 目的:监测2019年本单位淋球菌对7种抗生素的耐药性趋势及产青霉素酶淋球菌(PPNG)和质粒介导的高度耐四环素淋球菌(TRNG)流行情况，为临床有效选择抗生素提供实验室依据。方法：收集本单位门诊临床分离培养的100株淋球菌，用琼脂稀释法测定青霉素、四环素、环丙沙星、大观霉素、阿奇霉素、头孢曲松、头孢克肟的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）；用纸片碘量法检测β 内酰胺酶。结果：产青霉素酶淋球菌（PPNG）株占35％（35/100），质粒介导的高度耐四环素淋球菌（TRNG）株占32％（32/100）。环丙沙星和青霉素的耐药率分别高达99％（99/100）、93%（93/100）。阿奇霉素耐药率达10%（10/100）。头孢曲松和头孢克肟未见耐药菌株，低敏率分别为22%（22/100）和19%（19/100），敏感率分别为78%（78/100）和81%（81/100）。大观霉素未发现耐药菌株和低敏菌株。结论：头孢曲松、头孢克肟、大观霉素仍可推荐为广州地区淋病患者首选药物。建议临床制定合理抗菌治疗方案以提供科学指导时，应长期监测淋球菌耐药性。     

2008年中国淋球菌临床分离株耐药性的流行病学研究

目的 通过对2008年淋球菌耐药监测结果进行分析,了解我国不同地区淋球菌耐药株的流行现状.方法 淋球菌株来自2008年全国淋球菌耐药监测点符合要求的951例淋病患者,其中江苏156例、浙江71例、福建102例、广东207例,广西77例、海南43例、新疆45例、陕西72例、四川80例、重庆44例、天津54例.通过纸片酸度定量法测定β-内酰胺酶,琼脂稀释法测定大观霉素、环丙沙星、头孢曲松钠、四环素对淋球菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC).结果 大观霉素有2株耐药(0.21%),头孢曲松451株中度敏感(47.42%),质粒介导的高度耐四环素淋球菌(TRNG)487株(51.21%),产青霉素酶淋球菌(PPNG)332株(34.91%),环丙沙星928株耐药(97.58%).淋球菌对多种抗菌药物敏感性间的等级相关分析显示,TRNG阳性率与PPNG阳性率呈正相关(r=0.20,P<0.01),淋球菌对头孢曲松的敏感性与PPNG阳性率负相关r=-0.09,P<0.01),而淋球菌对头孢曲松的敏感性与对环丙沙星的敏感性及TRNG阳性率、淋球菌对环丙沙星的敏感性与PPNG阳性率及TRNG阳性率间没有相关性.卡方分析显示,各省收集的淋球菌对头孢曲松的中敏率之间相差比较大,广西、海南、新疆、陕西四省的中敏率(分别为87.01%、69.77%、82.22%、86.11%)高于总体水平(47.42%);陕西省有2株淋球菌对大观霉素耐药;各省收集的淋球菌对环丙沙星的耐药率较一致(86.11%～100%);广东省收集的淋球菌中TRNG的阳性率(68.60%)明显高于总体水平(51.21%);四川省、浙江省收集的淋球菌中PPNG的阳性率(分别为63.75%和54.93%)明显高于总体水平(34.91%)(P<0.05).结论 不同地区的淋球菌对抗生素的耐药性有明显的差别,其中陕西省收集的淋球菌对首选药物中头孢曲松的中度敏感率及对大观霉素的耐药率较高,应引起重视.

Abstract：

Objective To study the current status of antimicrobial resistance of clinical Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates in China by analyzing the surveillance results in 2008.Methods N. gonorrhoeae strains were collected from 951 eligible patients at national monitoring sites for resistance of N. gonorrheae,including 156 patients from Jiangsu province,71 from Zhejiang province,102 from Fujian province,207 from Guangdong province,77 from Guangxi province,43 from Hainan province,80 from Sichuan province,44 from Chongqing,45 from Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,72 from Shaanxi province,and 54 from Tianjin.The production of β-lactamase was detected by paper acidometric testing,and minimum inhibitory concentrations(MICs)were determined by agar dilution method for spectinomycin,ciprofloxacin,cefiriaxone,tetracycline,respectively.Results Among the 951 N. gonorrhoeae isolates,2(0.21%)were resistant to spectinomycin,451(47.42%)showed reduced sensitivity to ceflriaxone,928(97.58%)were resistant to ciprofloxacin.Penicillinase-producing N.gonorrhoeae (PPNG) and plasmid mediated tetracycline-resistant N. gonorrhoeae (TRNG) accounted for 34.91%(332/951)and 51.21%(487/951) of these isolates respectively.Kendall rank correlation analysis showed that there was a positive correlation between the positivity rate of TRNG and PPNG(r=0.20,P<0.01),but a negative correlation between the susceptibility to cefiriaxone in N.gonorrhoeae and positivity rate of PPNG(r=-0.09,P<0.01).No correlation was observed between the susceptibility to cefiriaxone and susceptibility to ciprofloxacin or the positivity rate of TRNG,or between the susceptibility to ciprofloxacin and positivity rate of PPNG or TRNG.Chi-square analysis showed a marked increase in the percentage of N.gonorrhoeae isolates with reduced susceptibility to ceftriaxone in Guangxi province,Hainan province,Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and Shaanxi province,the percentage of N.gonorrhoeae isolates with resisitance to spectinomycin in Shaanxi province,prevelance of TRNG in Guangdong province,and prevelance of PPNG in Sichuan and Zhejiang provinces compared with the average level (all P<0.05).Conclusions Thero is a significant diffefence in antimicrobial susceptibility of N.gonorrhoeae from difierent areas of China.A significant elevation is observed in the percentage of N.gonorrhoeae with reduced susceptibihty to cefifiaxone and resistance to spectinomycin in Shaanxi province.to which close attention should be paid.     

1999年广州地区所见淋球菌对抗生素耐药性结果分析

目的：了解广州地区所见淋球菌对抗生素的耐药性及产青酶淋球菌（PPNG）和高水平耐四环素淋球菌（TRNG）的流行状况。方法：用琼脂稀释法测定最低抑菌浓度（MIC）以及用纸片碘量法检测β-内酰胺酶。结果167株淋球菌检出PPNG9株（5.4%)、TRNG16株（9.6%)、环丙沙星耐药率达78.4%,高度耐药株（MIC≥16mg/L)37株（22.2%)，头孢三嗪、壮观霉素未发现耐药菌株，且抗菌活性最强，头孢三嗪敏感性呈上升趋势。结论：持续监测淋球菌的耐药性十分重要。     

Surveillance of antimicrobial susceptibilities in Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Nanjing, China, 1999-2006

OBJECTIVE: To monitor the frequency and types of antibiotic resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Nanjing, China, between 1999 and 2006. METHODS: beta-Lactamase production was determined by paper acidometric testing. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) to penicillin, ceftriaxone, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, and spectinomycin were determined by agar plate dilution. Plasmid types were determined for TRNG and PPNG isolates by PCR. RESULTS: One-thousand two-hundred and eight N. gonorrhoeae isolates were examined. The rate of PPNG rose from 8.0% (9 of 112) in 1999 to 57.36% (113 of 197) in 2004, and declined to 44.44% (88 of 198) in 2006. Prevalence of TRNG increased from 1.8% (2 of 112) in 1999 to 32.82% (65 of 198) in 2006. 99.23% (258 of 260) of TRNG contained the Dutch-type tetM gene and 2 strains contained the American-type tetM gene. All PPNG examined contained the Asian type plasmid. Among non-PPNG, chromosomally mediated resistance to penicillin varied from 57.84% (59 of 102) to 87.80% (72 of 82). Chromosomal resistance to ciprofloxacin (QRNG) was detected in 83.93% (94 of 112) of the strains in 1999 and 98.99% (196 of 198) in 2006. Eight spectinomycin-resistant N. gonorrhoeae strains were detected between 2001 and 2006. None of the gonococcal isolates tested was resistant to ceftriaxone but decreased susceptibility was observed in some strains. CONCLUSIONS: Among N. gonorrhoeae strains isolated in Nanjing, China, plasmid mediated resistance including PPNG and TRNG increased significantly between 1999 and 2006. Chromosomally mediated resistance to both penicillin and ciprofloxacin was also high during this period. Spectinomycin resistance of N. gonorrhoeae was sporadic. Ceftriaxone and spectinomycin can be considered effective antimicrobial agents for the treatment of gonorrhea in Nanjing at the present time.     

淋球菌对抗生素耐药性研究

目的:研究广州地区2001年度分离的淋球菌对青霉素、四环素、壮观霉素、头孢曲松和环丙沙星的耐药性。分析耐药菌株的流行特点。方法:采用琼脂稀释法测定菌株对5种抗生素的最小抑菌浓度(MIC),判断敏感性按WHO西太区淋球菌耐药性监测统一标准。用纸片酸度法检测产青霉素酶淋球菌(PPNG)菌株。结果:153株淋球菌中检出127株对青霉素耐药(83.0％),产青霉素酶淋球菌(PPNG)占17.0％(26/153);四环素耐药129株(84.3％);其中质粒介导高度耐四环素淋球菌菌株(TRNG)占总数的24.1％(37/153);环丙沙星耐药117株(76.5％),其中92株同时对青霉素和四环素有耐药性,三重耐药占60.1％;壮观霉素和头孢曲松敏感性最高,分别为100.0％和81.0％。结论:淋球菌对青霉素、四环素和环丙沙星耐药率较高;壮观霉素和头孢曲松敏感,应作为临床的首选药物。     

1996-2001年广州地区淋球菌耐药性和质粒介导耐药株流行趋势

目的：研究1996-2001年广州地区淋还需菌耐药性和质粒介导耐药株流行趋势。方法：采用琼脂稀释法测定淋球菌的抗生素耐药物和质粒介导的四环素耐药淋球菌（TRNG），用纸片酸度法测定质粒介导的产青霉素酶淋球菌（PPNG）。结果：6年来，共检测了793株临床分离的淋球菌菌株，发现青霉素的耐药率由1996年的57.2％上升到2001年的81.8％，PPNG的流行率由由2％升至21.8％；四环素耐药率较高且稳定，但TRNG流行率由1996年1.5％增至2001年的27.2％。结论：广州地区质粒介导的青霉素和四环素耐药株流行率呈现逐年上升趋势，已成为这些抗生素耐药株的高流行区。     

广东省汕头市92株淋球菌药物敏感性检测

目的：了解汕头地区2009年淋球菌对多种抗菌药物耐药的发生率及产β-内酰胺酶淋球菌（PPNG）和四环素高度耐药淋球菌（TRNG）的流行状况.方法：采用琼脂稀释法测定5种抗菌药物最低抑菌浓度（MIC）,纸片酸度法测定青霉素产β-内酰胺酶菌株.结果：92株淋球菌对青霉素耐药率为84.8%、四环素耐药率为89.1%、环丙沙星耐药率为92.4%;未发现大观霉素及头孢曲松耐药菌株.检出PPNG高达31株（33.7%）.TRNG为47株（51.1%）.青霉素﹑四环素和环丙沙星的MIC50及MIC90均已超过耐药标准.结论：大观霉素和头孢曲松为汕头地区治疗淋病的首选药物.     

Antimicrobial susceptibility and plasmid profile of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in India (New Delhi)

OBJECTIVES: To determine the antibiotic susceptibility and plasmid profile of all Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains (PPNG and non-PPNG) isolated from May 1995 to March 1996 in Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi, India. METHODS: The agar plate dilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration of five antimicrobials including norfloxacin and ceftriaxone which are most commonly used for treatment of gonorrhoea in Delhi. Isolates were screened for production of penicillinase by paper acidometric method and plasmid analysis of PPNG and non-PPNG was carried out by agarose gel electrophoresis. RESULTS: 50 consecutive isolates of N gonorrhoeae were studied, 8% among them were found to be PPNG while 28% were highly resistant to tetracycline (TRNG). Reduced susceptibility to norfloxacin (MIC > or = 1 microgram/ml) was observed in 12% of all isolates. All PPNG harboured the 4.4 MDa beta lactamase plasmid along with the 25.2 MDa tetracycline resistance plasmid. Norfloxacin resistance (MIC > or = 1 microgram/ml) was present in 28.5% of TRNG but only in 5.5% of the other gonococcal isolates. CONCLUSIONS: Results of this study clearly demonstrate that antibiotic resistant gonococcal strains of different clones are frequently found in New Delhi. Continued surveillance of susceptibility to currently prescribed antimicrobials and epidemiological studies are essential to prevent treatment failures leading to further spread of resistant strains.