正常人血小板射频段介电响应测量

目的在射频段测量正常人血小板介电谱,建立血小板对交流电场介电响应的数据特征。方法利用频域阻抗技术测量人血小板交流阻抗,经过介电谱、Cole-Cole图、介电损耗因子Δε”、导电率虚部Δκ”、介电损耗角正切Δtgδ等频谱,明确人血小板介电频响的数据特征。结果在射频电场中,人血小板的介电常数和电导率具有频率依赖性;血小板介电响应具有两个中心特征频率:第一中心特征频率fC1=6.66MHz,第二中心特征频率fC2=9.81MHz。结论交流阻抗技术能够测量血小板射频段介电响应。     

正常人血小板射频段介电响应测量

目的 在射频段测量正常人血小板介电谱,建立血小板对交流电场介电响应的数据特征.方法 利用频域阻抗技术测量人血小板交流阻抗,经过介电谱、Cole-Cole图、介电损耗因子△ε"、导电率虚部△κ"、介电损耗角正切△tgδ等频谱,明确人血小板介电频响的数据特征.结果 在射频电场中,人血小板的介电常数和电导率具有频率依赖性;血小板介电响应具有两个中心特征频率:第一中心特征频率fC1=6.66 MHz,第二中心特征频率fC2=9.81 MHz.结论 交流阻抗技术能够测量血小板射频段介电响应.     

人血液细胞介电谱的实验研究

在0．01～100MHz范围内，测量人血液细胞的介电谱，确立人血液细胞对交流电场的介电响应的数据特征。利用频域阻抗技术测量了正常人血液细胞交流阻抗，绘制细胞的介电常数和电导率与电场频率的关系曲线。建立了人血液细胞的介电谱和Cole—Cole图，明确了人血细胞的介电频响的数据特征。在射频电场中，人血液细胞的介电常数和电导率具有频率依赖性，表现为具有两个特征频率的介电弛豫：第一介电弛豫发生在fc。为1．42MHz，第二介电弛豫产生在fcz为3．32MHz。     

0.1 MHz～100 MHz大鼠血液细胞的介电响应

目的：确立正常大鼠血液细胞对0．1MHz-100MHz交流电场的介电响应的数据特征。材料与方法：取10只雄性Sprague-Dawley大鼠全血，利用Agilent4294A阻抗分析仪测量了26个全血细胞悬浮液样本的交流阻抗，通过频域介电谱和Cole-Cole图的数据分析，确立了正常大鼠血液细胞对交流电场的介电响应的数据特征。结果：在0．1MHz-100MHz频率范围内，大鼠血液细胞的介电常数和电导率具有电场频率的依赖关系，主要表现在具有两个中心特征频率的介电弛豫：第一介电弛豫约发生在fc1=2MHz，第二介电弛豫约产生在fc2=3MHz。结论：交流阻抗技术可以观察血液细胞的介电响应特性。     

30例健康人血液射频介电常数和电导率的测量

在10kHz～110MHz频率范围,利用4294A阻抗分析仪测量了30例正常健康人血液样本的介电常数和电导率,通过介电常数和电导率频谱、复数平面图、介电损耗频谱、电导率虚部频谱和损耗角正切频谱的数据分析,旨在建立正常人血液的电生理特征参数,为进一步的临床研究提供基础数据和研究方法。结果表明,正常健康人全血介电常数和电导率具有频率依从性,其介电行为具有两个特征频率：第一特征频率f1=0.59MHz;第二特征频率f2=2.12MHz。     

蛙血细胞被动电生理特性的数据分析

在10^4-10^8Hz范围内,应用阻抗测量技术研究了蛙血液细胞的介电常数,电导率与电场频率的关系特性,利用细胞介电谱,Cole-Cole图,介电损失和损耗角正切分析了蛙血液细胞的被动电生理特性的数据特征,结果表明：蛙全血细胞具有两个特征频率,第一特征频率fci在10^5Hz范围内,第二特征频率fc2在10^6Hz范围内。     

人血液介电谱Cole-Cole数学模型的解析

通过Cole-Cole方程的数值计算,对人血液介电谱实验数据进行曲线拟合的残差分析,建立人血液Cole-Cole数学模型参数。在104～108 Hz频率范围,使用Agilent 4294A阻抗分析仪测量30人70例全血导纳,并利用Cole-Cole方程的非线性数值计算,对实测数据进行曲线拟合,计算曲线拟合的残差数值。人血液介电谱的Cole-Cole数学模型参数:高频极限介电常数εh=45±5;第一弛豫介电增量Δε1=6 200±350、第一特征频率fC1=(500±5)kHz、第一弛豫分布系数β1=0.86±0.06、第二弛豫介电增量Δε2=990±310、第二特征频率fC2=(2.7±0.1)MHz、第二弛豫分布系数β2=0.975±0.015、低频极限电导率κl=(4.15±0.85)mS/cm。人血液细胞介电行为可以通过介电频谱、Cole-Cole图、介电损耗因子频谱、电导率虚部频谱及损耗角正切频谱等5个频谱进行表征,建立Cole-Cole模型参数。     

大鼠腓肠肌细胞介电谱测量和Cole-Cole数学模型分析

测量大鼠腓肠肌细胞介电谱,利用Cole-Cole方程的曲线拟合建立Cole-Cole数学模型参数.在100 Hz～100 MHz频率范围,使用Agilent 4294A阻抗分析仪对电场与肌纤维方向呈平行和垂直的大鼠腓肠肌进行了阻抗测量,并利用Cole-Cole方程的数值计算,对细胞介电谱、Cole-Cole图、介电损耗因子频谱、电导率虚部频谱和损耗角正切频谱进行曲线拟合分析和残差分析,比较电场与肌纤维方向呈平行或垂直两种情况的介电行为区别.结果表明:骨骼肌细胞的介电弛豫具有两个特征频率,其平行方向的特征频率低于垂直方向;平行方向的介电增量高于垂直方向的介电增量;平行方向的低频极限量高于垂直方向的低频极限量;平行方向和垂直方向的介电常数高频极限量相等;平行方向和垂直方向的电导率高频极限量存在一定差距.平行方向的电导率虚部频谱和损耗角正切分别高于垂直方向的值,但是,平行方向的电导率虚部最大值低于其垂直方向的值.腓肠肌细胞的介电常数和电导率存在频率依存性和各向异性,其介电行为存在α和β两个介电散射,并满足Cole-Cole数学模型.     

细胞外灌流对骨骼肌细胞介电谱的影响

通过灌流的方法,探讨细胞外液对骨骼肌细胞介电谱的影响,应用非线性Co le-Co le公式的曲线拟合与数值计算,比较灌流后骨骼肌细胞介电谱参数,结果表明:(1)低频段介电常数Lε和高频段电导率hκ随着细胞外灌流液电导率的降低而减少;(2)细胞外灌流对骨骼肌细胞介电谱的特征频率(fC 1,fC 2)影响不大;(3)细胞外灌流主要影响骨骼肌细胞Δε″和tgδ的峰值。     

人肝癌细胞电阻抗特性的实验研究

在0.01~100MHz频率内,使用Agilent 4294A阻抗分析仪测量了人肝癌SMMC-7721细胞的交流阻抗,通过电阻抗谱、Bode图、Nyquist图和Nichols图观察了细胞体积分数(CVF)对肝癌细胞电阻抗特性的影响。结果表明:1频率依赖性:电阻抗实部增量、虚部增量(ΔZ′、ΔZ″)、幅模增量(Δ|Z*|)和相位角增量(Δθ)皆随频率发生变化;2CVF依赖性:当CVF增加时,低频极限增量值(ΔZ′0、Δ|Z*|0)、峰值(ΔZ″p、Δθp)、曲线面积和半径(Nyquist图、Nichols图)均随之增大;3存在两个特征频率:第一特征频率(fC1)和第二特征频率(fC2),分别来源于细胞膜与细胞外液、细胞质交界面的极化作用。结论:电阻抗谱方法能够观察人肝癌细胞电特性,可用于探讨肝癌细胞电生理机制变化,为进一步筛选抗肿瘤药物提供研究手段和观测指标,具有重要的理论价值和潜在的应用前景。     

Effect of human trabecular bone composition on its electrical properties

Mechanical properties of bone are determined not only by bone mineral density (BMD), but also by tissue trabecular structure and organic composition. Impedance spectroscopy has shown potential to diagnose trabecular bone BMD and strength, however, the relationships between organic composition and electrical and dielectric properties have not been systematically investigated. To investigate these issues organic composition of 26 human trabecular bone samples harvested from the distal femur and proximal tibia was determined and compared with relative permittivity, loss factor, conductivity, phase angle, specific impedance and dissipation factor measured at wide range (50 Hz to 5 MHz) of frequencies. A strong linear correlation was found between the relative permittivity at 1.2 MHz and trabecular bone fat content (r = -0.85, p<0.01, n=26). On the other hand, relative permittivity measured at 200 Hz served as a good predictor of water content (r = 0.83). Phase angle, specific impedance and especially conductivity were strongly related to the trabecular bone dry density and water content (|r| > or = 0.69). Variation in bone tissue collagen content was strongly related to the relative permittivity measured at 1.2 MHz (r = 0.64), but only moderately to other parameters. Glycosaminoglycan content showed no significant relations with any investigated electrical parameters. The present study indicates that if the trabecular bone composition is known, the relationships presented in this study could facilitate calculation of current field distribution, e.g. during electrical stimulation of osteogenesis. On the other hand, our results suggest that permittivity measured at low (<1 kHz) or high (>100 kHz) frequencies could be used, e.g. during implant surgery, for prediction of trabecular bone water or fat contents, respectively.     

Interrelationships between electrical properties and microstructure of human trabecular bone

Microstructural changes, such as reduction of trabecular thickness and number, are characteristic signs of osteoporosis leading to diminished bone strength. Electrical and dielectric parameters might provide diagnostically valuable information on trabecular bone microstructure not extractable from bone mineral density measurements. In this study, structural properties of human trabecular bone samples (n=26) harvested from the distal femur and proximal tibia were investigated using the computed microtomography (microCT) technique. Quantitative parameters, e.g. structural model index (SMI) or trabecular bone volume fraction (BV/TV), were calculated. In addition, the samples were examined electrically over a wide frequency range (50 Hz-5 MHz) using a two-electrode impedance spectroscopy set-up. Relative permittivity, loss factor, conductivity, phase angle, specific impedance and dissipation factor were determined. Significant linear correlations were obtained between the dissipation factor and BV/TV or SMI (|r| 0.70, p<0.01, n=26). Principal component analyses, conducted on electrical and structural parameters, revealed that the high frequency principal component of the dissipation factor was significantly related to SMI (r=0.72, p<0.01, n=26). The linear combination of high and low frequency relative permittivity predicted 73% of the variation in BV/TV. To conclude, electrical and dielectric parameters of trabecular bone, especially relative permittivity and dissipation factor, were significantly and specifically related to a trabecular microstructure as characterized with microCT. The data gathered in this study constitute a useful basis for theoretical and experimental work towards the development of impedance spectroscopy techniques for detection of bone quality in vitro or in special cases of open surgery.     

Anisotropy in the dielectric properties of skeletal muscle

The dielectric permittivity and conductivity of freshly excised dog skeletal muscle were measured at frequencies between 20 Hz and 1 MHz, with the tissue samples oriented either parallel or perpendicular to the applied electric field. At frequencies below 100 kHz a four-electrode technique was employed; at frequencies above 100 kHz a conventional two-electrode technique was used in conjunction with a commercial admittance bridge. All measurements were performed with the tissue sample at body temperature. Over the entire frequency range of the study, the dielectric properties of the muscle were found to be significantly anisotropic. At audio frequencies, the conductivity of the muscle measured in a direction parallel to the fibre orientation was typically found to be ten times higher than that measured perpendicular to the fibre axis; at frequencies approaching 1 MHz the conductivities measured in both directions approached a common value, near 8 ms cm^?1. The dielectric permittivity in both orientations is strongly dependent on frequency. These data are analysed using the suspension equation, and comments are made on the mechanisms that are responsible for the observed properties. In an Appendix these results are related to some of the very early work on the subject.     

电阻抗谱评价模拟失重对大鼠血液电特性的影响

在频率为104～108 Hz范围,采用Agilent 4294A阻抗分析仪测量大鼠血液交流阻抗,通过电阻抗谱、Bode图、Nyquist图和Nichols图的数据分析,观察60d模拟失重(SWL)对大鼠血液电阻抗频谱特性的影响。结果表明:(1)大鼠血液电阻抗降低,主要表现在复阻抗实部(Z′0和Z′∞)、电阻抗幅模值(|Z*|0和|Z*|∞)、阻抗驰豫幅度(ΔZ′、Δ|Z*|)和低频阻抗幅模值对数(Log|Z*|0)较对照(CON)组均降低;(2)大鼠血液电阻抗谱的特征频率和相位角增加,主要表现在特征频率(fC1、fC2)和相位角[θP(degree)、θP(radian)]较CON组增加。提示模拟失重引起血液电阻率降低,导电性能增加。     

生物组织电特性在体测量微创电极的设计及应用研究

根据平行板电容法测量原理,应用矩量法计算极板电荷分布,设计一种用于在体测量的微创探针电极,夹持组织的体积仅有0.8 mm³。应用有限元法仿真研究微创电极中电场的分布,以证明微创电极能够有效屏蔽边缘效应。按照肿瘤生长时间将裸鼠分成3组(7、14、21 d),每组10只。在0.5~5 MHz频率范围内,分别测量在体和离体条件下,3组裸鼠的乳腺癌肿瘤组织和正常组织的电阻抗和阻抗角,计算得到相应的电特性参数(电导率和介电常数);并且在1、3、5 MHz这3个频率点,在体测量肿瘤组织、肌肉组织和脂肪组织的电特性参数。结果表明,在0.5~5 MHz频率范围内,在体肿瘤的电导率和介电常数随肿瘤生长时间的增长而变大,在体肿瘤与离体肿瘤的电特性参数有显著差异;在所测的3个频率点中,肿瘤组织与肌肉组织和脂肪组织的电特性参数分别存在显著差异。所设计的微创探针电极可实现微创在体测量的目标。     

Microfluidic device for cell capture and impedance measurement

This work presents a microfluidic device to capture physically single cells within microstructures inside a channel and to measure the impedance of a single HeLa cell (human cervical epithelioid carcinoma) using impedance spectroscopy. The device includes a glass substrate with electrodes and a PDMS channel with micro pillars. The commercial software CFD–ACE+ is used to study the flow of the microstructures in the channel. According to simulation results, the probability of cell capture by three micro pillars is about 10%. An equivalent circuit model of the device is established and fits closely to the experimental results. The circuit can be modeled electrically as cell impedance in parallel with dielectric capacitance and in series with a pair of electrode resistors. The system is operated at low frequency between 1 and 100 kHz. In this study, experiments show that the HeLa cell is successfully captured by the micro pillars and its impedance is measured by impedance spectroscopy. The magnitude of the HeLa cell impedance declines at all operation voltages with frequency because the HeLa cell is capacitive. Additionally, increasing the operation voltage reduces the magnitude of the HeLa cell because a strong electric field may promote the exchange of ions between the cytoplasm and the isotonic solution. Below an operating voltage of 0.9 V, the system impedance response is characteristic of a parallel circuit at under 30 kHz and of a series circuit at between 30 and 100 kHz. The phase of the HeLa cell impedance is characteristic of a series circuit when the operation voltage exceeds 0.8 V because the cell impedance becomes significant.