原位肝移植病人围手术期低氧血症防治的探索

目的 探讨肝移植病人围术期影响呼吸功能的因素，以及对低氧血症的预防和治疗。方法 回顾性分析了2000-06／2002—02我院5例原位肝移植(OLT)的临床资料。对肝移植病人围术期发生的呼吸功能不全的原因进行分析。评价OLT围术期的低氧血症的氧治疗措施。结果 围移植期存活4例，死亡1例。术后并发急性呼吸衰竭、感染、急性排斥反应、肾衰等。结论 减少外科手术并发症是提高肝移植手术成功率以及长期存活的关键．呼吸“泵”衰竭是术后低氧血症形成的重要原因之一，及时有效的氧疗和机械通气是治疗肝移植病人术后并发症的一项重要措施。     

肝移植围术期输血对术后并发症发生的影响

目的:探讨围术期输血对肝移植患者术后并发症发生的影响.方法:回顾性研究分析2005-01/2012-12中国人民解放军第302医院收治的418例肝移植患者病例的一般资料和输血资料,分析输血对肝移植患者术后并发症发生的影响.结果:386例肝移植患者中,术后并发症发生着为235例(60.88%),未发生者151例(39.12%).早期并发症以肺部感染、电解质紊乱和再灌注损伤为主.随着围术期输血次数和剂量的增多,并发症的发生机会显著增多.结论:肝移植围术期输血次数及剂量越多,越容易并发感染、水电紊乱、再灌注损伤等并发症,应尽量减少输血.     

婴儿室间隔缺损并肺动脉高压89例手术治疗体会

目的 探讨婴儿室间隔缺损(VSD)并肺动脉高压(PH)的外科治疗适应证、手术技术及围术期管理要点.方法 回顾总结2004年1月至2009年5月89例婴儿VSD并PH手术治疗的临床资料及随访情况.本组患儿年龄42 d至12个月(平均7.2个月),体重3.1～9.7 kg(平均6.4 kg),其中轻度PH 28例、中度PH 42例、重度PH 19例,均在全麻低温体外循环下行1期矫治术.结果 全组围术期死亡1例,重要并发症6例.结论 对于反复肺炎、心衰伴肺动脉高压的室间隔缺损婴儿应尽早手术治疗,术中心肌保护及术后围术期管理至关重要.     

胆道闭锁患儿肝移植术后并发症分析

目的分析肝移植治疗胆道闭锁患儿术后并发症及预后。方法回顾性分析2006年6月-2014年4月于重庆医科大学附属儿童医院完成初次肝移植的41例胆道闭锁患儿临床资料,其中活体肝移植28例,心脏死亡器官捐献(DCD)供肝肝移植13例。活体与DCD肝移植受者术后随访时间分别为67~90个月和15~56个月,总结围手术期及随访期并发症发生情况及预后。计数资料组间比较采用Fisher's精确概率法。结果 41例肝移植受者围手术期并发症包括:血管并发症、腹腔出血、肠穿孔、排斥反应、感染并发症等。DCD肝移植组肝动脉栓塞(HAT)的发生率明显高于活体肝移植组(P=0.02)。围手术期死亡10例,其中活体肝移植组4例,包括HAT 1例;因HAT再次行DCD肝移植1例,后因原发肝无功能死亡;呕吐窒息1例;多器官功能衰竭1例。DCD肝移植死亡6例,包括HAT 1例;肺部肺炎克雷伯杆菌感染1例;肠漏后感染性休克1例;循环衰竭1例;严重毛细血管渗漏综合征1例;原发肝无功能1例。随访期活体肝移植死亡4例,包括肝静脉狭窄2例;胆道感染1例;胆道狭窄1例。DCD肝移植随访期间未发生死亡及其他并发症。结论胆道闭锁肝移植术后并发症多样,是影响肝移植手术成功率及长期生存率的重要因素,早期预防、早期发现、及时治疗,对改善肝移植患儿预后至关重要。     

重症急性胰腺炎急性反应期液体复苏体会

目的 探讨重症急性胰腺炎急性反应期液体复苏的经验与体会.方法 回顾性分析97例重症急性胰腺炎患者在急性反应期的液体复苏过程;观察复苏时间及治疗过程中出现呼吸衰竭、肾功能不全等并发症情况;对比输入胶体与晶体液的情况.结果 对照组(A组,未输注胶体液)51例,呼吸衰竭19例,肾功不全16例,心功能不全10例,死亡5例.治疗组(B组,输注胶体液)46例,呼吸衰竭9例,肾功能不全8例,心功能不全3例,死亡2例.早期液体输入量及呼吸衰竭、肾功能衰竭等并发症均明显低于对照组.结论 重症急性胰腺炎急性期液体复苏时及时补充胶体液能减少液体输入量,缩短复苏时间,早期限制性液体输入降低肺损伤等并发症的发生.     

合并体肺侧支的复杂紫绀型先天性心脏病内外科镶嵌治疗的围术期护理

报告了38例复杂紫绀型先天性心脏病合并体肺侧支的内外科镶嵌治疗的围术期护理体会.术前充分补液,积极纠正酸中毒;术中密切观察血压、血氧饱和度、心率,正确应用血管活性药,调整液体进出量;术后积极预防右心力衰竭及低心排出量,防治肺动脉高压,合理运用呼吸机治疗肺水肿及灌注肺,加强营养、预防感染,有助于提高手术成功率,降低死亡率.     

高龄患者后路腰椎椎间融合术40例临床分析

目的 探讨行后路腰椎椎间融合术(PLIF)的高龄患者围手术期特点及临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析2004年1月至2006年9月间进行的PLIF手术107例,其中老年组(≥65岁)40例,青年组(<65岁)67例.随访时间13～37个月,平均19.6个月.对比术前合并症、美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)分级;对比术中出血量、术后引流量、术中术后异体血输入量、手术时间及术后住院日;对比腰痛视觉模拟疼痛评分(VAS)及日本矫形外科协会(JOA)下腰痛评分;观察并发症的发生及术后椎间融合情况.结果 老年组术前ASA病情分级(P=0.001)、内科合并症(P=0.02)与青年组间差异有统计学意义.手术时间、术中出血量、术后引流量、术中术后异体血输入量、术后腰痛VAS、术后优良率、椎间融合率、并发症发生率两组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).老年组并发症发生率为20.0%(8例),其中具有合并症的患者并发症发生率与无合并症患者间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 高龄并非融合内固定手术的禁忌证;高龄虽增加手术风险,但多科协作、及时纠正围手术期的病理状态,是可以安度围手术期的,且能够获得良好的骨性融合和神经功能改善.     

成人活体肝移植受体术后呼吸系统并发症分析108例

目的:探讨活体肝移植受体术后早期(≤30 d)呼吸系统并发症的类型、发病率以及原因.方法:回顾性分析2005-03/2008-09四川大学华西医院施行的术前无呼吸系统疾病的成人活体肝移植患者108例的临床资料,分析术后呼吸系统并发症(胸腔积液,肺部感染,肺不张,呼吸衰竭,肺水肿,气胸)发生可能的相关因素.结果:共76例发生了至少1种以上呼吸系统并发症,发生率为70.4%,胸腔积液(n=60,55.6%),肺部感染(n=24,22.2%),肺不张(n=12,11.2%),呼吸衰竭(n=6,5.6%),肺水肿(n=3,2.8%),气胸(n=2,1.9%).与未发生并发症组相比较,发生组术中输血量明显增加(P<0.05或0.01),术后拔除气管插管的时间明显延长(P=0.003).术后早期的总死亡率为9.3%,发生肺部感染患者的早期死亡率明显高于未发生肺部感染患者(25% vs 4.8%.P=0.008).结论:胸腔积液、肺部感染、肺不张是活体肝移植术后常见的呼吸系统并发症,并可能与术中大量输血输液、术后拔管时间有关,发生肺部感染患者的早期预后将较差.     

肝移植术后非感染性肺部并发症原因及其防治

肝移植现已被广泛应用于肝硬化、Wilson病、肝细胞肝癌等的治疗，术后出现的肺部并发症非常常见，且对术后肝功能的恢复及围手术期病死率有重要影响。现重点针对肝移植术后的非感染性肺部并发症——胸腔积液、急性肺水肿、急性呼吸衰竭、肺不张的原因及其防治作一综述。     

体外循环围术期体液平衡对术后经过的影响

严格体外循环围术期出入液(血)量平衡,力图以最大限度维持机体内环境的恒定,从而为提高心内直视手术疗效、减少术后并发症创造更好的条件。作者通过近期内对一部份病变较复杂的儿童先心病患者就围术期液体平衡对术后经过的影响作一观察。     

Drug-induced liver injury and COVID-19: A review for clinical practice

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) consists of a systemic disease that can present many complications. The infection presents broad clinical symptoms and a high rate of transmissibility. In addition to severe acute respiratory syndrome, the patients manifest complications beyond the respiratory system. The frequency of liver damage in COVID-19 patients ranges from 14.8% to 53% of patients. One should pay attention to drug-induced liver injury (DILI) in patients with COVID-19, especially considering the off-label use of drugs in prophylactic and therapeutic regimens applied on large scales. This review aims to present relevant information on the medication used so far in COVID-19 patients and its possible hepatotoxicity. We reviewed liver damage in patients with COVID-19 on PubMed and Virtual Health Library to investigate DILI cases. Four studies were selected, involving the medicines remdesivir, tocilizumab and a pharmacovigilance analysis study. The hepatotoxicity profile of drugs presented in the literature considers use in accordance to usual posology standards for treatment. However, drugs currently used in the management of COVID-19 follow different dosages and posology than those tested by the pharmaceutical industry. The deficiency of uniformity and standardization in the assessment of hepatotoxicity cases hinders the publication of information and the possibility of comparing information among healthcare professionals. It is suggested that severe liver injury in COVID-19 patients should be reported in pharmacovigilance institutions, and physicians should pay attention to any considerable abnormal liver test elevation as it can demonstrate unknown drug hepatotoxicity. Liver disorders in COVID-19 patients and the use of several concomitant off-label medications — with a potential risk of further damaging the liver - should at least be a warning sign for rapid identification and early intervention, thus preventing liver damage from contributing to severe impairment in patients.     

Role of Apheresis and Dialysis in Pediatric Living Donor Liver Transplantation: A Single Center Retrospective Study

In the field of pediatric living donor liver transplantation, the indications for apheresis and dialysis, and its efficacy and safety are still a matter of debate. In this study, we performed a retrospective investigation of these aspects, and considered its roles. Between January 2008 and December 2010, 73 living donor liver transplantations were performed in our department. Twenty seven courses of apheresis and dialysis were performed for 19 of those patients (19/73; 26.0%). The indications were ABO incompatible‐liver transplantation in 11 courses, fluid management in seven, acute liver failure in three, renal replacement therapy in two, endotoxin removal in two, cytokine removal in one, and liver allograft dysfunction in one. Sixteen courses of apheresis and dialysis were performed prior to liver transplantation for 14 patients. The median IgM antibody titers before and after apheresis for ABO blood type‐incompatible liver transplantation was 128 and eight, respectively (P < 0.05). Eleven courses of apheresis and dialysis were performed post liver transplantation for 10 patients. The median PaO2/FiO2 ratio before and after dialysis for fluid overload was 159 and 339, respectively (P < 0.05). No bleeding or technical complications attributable to apheresis and dialysis occurred. The 1‐year survival rate of the patients was 100%. Apheresis and dialysis in pediatric living donor liver transplantation are effective for antibody removal in ABO‐incompatible liver transplantation, and fluid management for acute respiratory failure.     

Outcomes of intensive care unit care in adults with cystic fibrosis

Cystic fibrosis (CF) causes progressive respiratory failure and death in more than 90% of patients. Mechanical ventilation has been discouraged in CF because of poor outcomes, but improved survival and the availability of lung transplantation have increased the indications for care of CF patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). We studied the outcomes of all CF patients admitted to the University of North Carolina Hospitals Medical ICU from January 1990 through December 1998. Seventy-six patients, ranging in ages from 17 to 45 yr (mean: 27 yr), and of whom 53% were female, had 136 admissions for exacerbations of CF with respiratory failure (RF, n = 65), hemoptysis (n = 33), antibiotic desensitization (n = 30), pneumothorax (n = 3), or other reasons (n = 5). Eighty-six percent of the patients with hemoptysis and all of those with desensitization and pneumothorax were alive 1 yr after ICU discharge. Of the 42 patients with RF, 37 (88%) required assisted ventilation. Twenty-three (55%) of the patients with RF survived to ICU discharge and 19 (45%) died. Seventeen (40%) of the patients with RF received lung transplants and 14 were alive 1 yr later. Without transplantation, three (7%) of the patients with RF were alive and three (7%) were dead 1 yr later. Sex, body mass index, and respiratory bacteria did not correlate with survival. We conclude that ICU care for adults with CF who have reversible complications is appropriate and effective. Ventilatory support is appropriate for some transplant candidates.     

肝移植病人术后早期病原学与感染的临床研究

目的 探讨肝移植术后病人感染的临床特点，以助临床处理。方法 对54例肝移植病人术后针对感染进行各个系统定期检测，观察感染发生时间、部位、病原谱及药物敏感性等指标。结果 54例病人中感染率为51．9％，2例因感染致死。89．3％的感染发生在术后1月内。感染的病原菌依次为肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、粪肠球菌、鲍蔓／溶血不动杆菌等。呼吸道感染占92．8％，其中单独呼吸道感染占42．8％，呼吸道合并其他部位感染占50．0％；53．8％的呼吸道感染是多种病原菌混合感染，大多伴有真菌感染，胆道、腹腔等其它部位感染以单一病原菌为主。病原菌中G^ 菌对万古霉素敏感性较高，对头孢类和其它大部分抗生素有较高耐药率；G^-菌对亚胺硫霉素普遍敏感，而对其它抗生素表现出不同程度的耐受。结论 肝移植病人术后感染是影响存活的重要因素，应重视移植术前后对病人的监测和预防性抗生素处理等措施；在处理感染病情时，应综合考虑病原菌谱、药敏结果、多部位复合感染及混合感染等因素。     

Normalization of ventilation/perfusion relationships after liver transplantation in patients with decompensated cirrhosis: evidence for a hepatopulmonary syndrome

To examine the effect of liver transplantation on the respiratory and cardiovascular functions, ventilation/perfusion relationships were determined by multiple inert gas elimination technique in six patients with end-stage liver disease 1 to 19 mo before and 2 to 6 mo after liver transplantation. Cardiac output and pulmonary vascular pressures were measured after catheterization of the pulmonary artery. All patients had normal spirometry and chest x-ray films before transplantation. PaO2 before transplantation was 78.8 +/- 7.4 mm Hg (range = 51.8 to 102.8 mm Hg). All patients had perfusion of poorly ventilated lung regions (low ventilation/perfusion relationships) varying from 3% to 19% of cardiac output (mean = 8.5% +/- 2.4% of cardiac output) and two patients had intrapulmonary shunting (3% and 20% of cardiac output). Measured and calculated PaO2 agreed closely, indicating absence of pulmonary diffusion abnormality, as well as of extrapulmonary shunting. After transplantation, PaO2 normalized in all patients, and both shunting and low ventilation/perfusion relationships disappeared. Cardiac output decreased from 9.1 +/- 1.4 to 6.6 +/- 0.5 L/min (p less than 0.05), and the pulmonary vascular resistance increased from 0.69 +/- 0.14 to 1.64 +/- 0.43 mm Hg/L/min (p less than 0.05). The systemic vascular resistance also increased (before = 8.7 +/- 1.0; after = 15.3 +/- 1.1 mm Hg/L/min; p less than 0.001). Normalization of respiratory and cardiovascular alterations, after liver transplantation, in patients with end-stage liver disease indicates that these changes have a direct functional relationship to the diseased liver. It is hypothesized that this is part of a "hepatopulmonary syndrome,' which in similarity to the hepatorenal syndrome disappears with improved liver function.     

Endoscopic Management of Bile Leakage after Liver Transplantation

Background/Aims

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) can be an effective treatment for bile leakage after liver transplantation. We evaluated the efficacy of endoscopic treatment in liver transplantation in patients who developed bile leaks.

Methods

Forty-two patients who developed bile leaks after liver transplantation were included in the study. If a bile leak was observed on ERCP, a sphincterotomy was performed, and a nasobiliary catheter was then inserted. If a bile leak was accompanied by a bile duct stricture, either the stricture was dilated with balloons, followed by nasobiliary catheter insertion across the bile duct stricture, or endoscopic retrograde biliary drainage was performed.

Results

In the bile leakage alone group (22 patients), endoscopic treatment was technically successful in 19 (86.4%) and clinically successful in 17 (77.3%) cases. Among the 20 patients with bile leaks with bile duct strictures, endoscopic treatment was technically successful in 13 (65.0%) and clinically successful in 10 (50.0%) cases. Among the 42 patients who underwent ERCP, technical success was achieved in 32 (76.2%) cases and clinical success was achieved in 27 (64.3%) cases.

Conclusions

ERCP is an effective and safe therapeutic modality for bile leaks after liver transplantation. ERCP should be considered as an initial therapeutic modality in post-liver transplantation patients.     

Management of hepatitis B virus infection after liver transplantation

Chronic hepatitis B virus(HBV) infection is responsible for up to 30% of cases of liver cirrhosis and up to 53% of cases of hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver transplantation(LT) is the best therapeutic option for patients with end-stage liver failure caused by HBV. The success of transplantation, though, depends on receiving prophylactic treatment against post-transplant viral reactivation. In the absence of prophylaxis, liver transplantation due to chronic hepatitis B(CHB) is associated with high rates of viral recurrence and poor survival. The introduction of treatment with hepatitis B immunoglobulins(HBIG) during the 1990 s and later the incorporation of oral antiviral drugs have improved the prognosis of these patients. Thus, LT for CHB is now a universally accepted option, with an estimated 5 years survival of around 85% vs the 45% survival seen prior to the introduction of HBIG. The combination of lamivudine plus HBIG has for many years been the most widely used prophylactic regimen. However, with the appearance of new more potent oral antiviral agents associated with less resistance(e.g., entecavir and tenofovir) for the treatment of CHB, new prophylactic strategies are being designed, either in combination with HBIG or alone as a monotherapy. These advances have allowed for more personalized prophylaxis based on the individual risk profile of a given patient. In addition, the small pool of donors has required the use of anti-HBc-positive donors(with the resulting possibility of transmitting HBV from these organs), which has been made possible by suitable prophylactic regimens.     

Highly aggressive policy of hepatic resections for neuroendocrine liver metastases

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Neuroendocrine tumors are usually slow growing and carry a prolonged prognosis. The presence of liver metastases significantly impairs long-term survival. The clinical experience with 28 patients admitted since 1981 for liver metastases from neuroendocrine tumors was retrospectively reviewed to analyze the clinical and surgical management and to evaluate their outcome. METHODOLOGY: Surgery was indicated in 25 (89.2%) patients. Three had metachronous metastases. A correct diagnosis of these liver metastases was achieved before laparotomy in 15 (68.1%) of the remaining 22. The primary tumor site, unknown in 14/22 patients, was located during surgery only in 8 (57.1%). RESULTS: Due to tumoral spread, surgery was limited to exploration in 3 cases. Liver resections were performed in 19/22 patients (3 for palliation): 11/19 (57.9%) were major hepatectomies and in 8/19 (42.1%) cases they were accomplished by procedures for removing the primary tumor. Overall, curative procedures were carried out in 16/28 (57.1%). Resections were performed in 6 cases without the knowledge of the primary site. There was no operative mortality. Overall recurrence rate was 50.0%. Four-year actuarial survival was 92.6% after resection and 18.5% for patients that did not receive surgery (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our experience confirms that the small number of patients makes the management of liver metastases from neuroendocrine tumors difficult to plan. In consideration of the satisfactory results achieved with an aggressive policy of resection, we advise referral of these patients to specialized liver units where major hepatic procedures, even if extended, can be safely performed.     

Clinical efficacy analysis and safety evaluation of ultrasonographically guided percutaneous radiofrequency ablation in liver cancers

OBJECTIVE : To assess the clinical efficacy of radiofrequency (RF) ablation in treating liver cancers. The indications, contraindications and side-effects of the technique were also evaluated. METHODS : One hundred and fifty-four patients with liver cancers were treated between May 1999 and July 2000. One hundred and thirty-two cases were hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) and 22 cases were metastatic liver cancers. The diameter of the cancers ranged from 1.5 to 19.0 cm, with a mean diameter of 7.07 cm. All patients were treated with RF2000TM RF under ultrasonographic guidance and the results and side effects were evaluated. RESULTS : One hundred and fifty-four patients were treated 182 times, with the average number of treatments for each patient being 1.18 and the average number of therapeutic points was 5.74. Symptoms improved after therapy and the levels of α-fetoprotein (AFP) dropped from 1553.68 to 883.70 ng/mL. The AFP level declined in 60.8% of patients, remained unchanged in 32.7% of patients and was elevated in 6.5% of patients. After RF ablation, the size of the tumor was reduced in 87 cases (56.6%), stabilized in 52 cases (33.7%) and enlarged in 15 cases (9.7%). The common side-effects of RF were local pain, fever and leukocytosis; no life-threatening complications were observed. CONCLUSIONS : Percutanous RF ablation of liver cancers is a simple, safe, effective method. It can be curative for small liver cancers but for large liver cancers multiple treatments combined with arterial chemoembolization therapy may be needed to enhance its effectiveness.     

Mitochondrial dysfunction in liver failure requiring transplantation

Liver failure is a heterogeneous condition which may be fatal and the primary cause is frequently unknown. We investigated mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in patients undergoing liver transplantation. We studied 45 patients who had liver transplantation due to a variety of clinical presentations. Blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with immunodetection of respiratory chain complexes I-V, biochemical activity of respiratory chain complexes II and IV and quantification of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number were investigated in liver tissue collected from the explanted liver during transplantation. Abnormal mitochondrial function was frequently present in this cohort: ten of 40 patients (25 %) had a defect of one or more respiratory chain enzyme complexes on blue native gels, 20 patients (44 %) had low activity of complex II and/or IV and ten (22 %) had a reduced mtDNA copy number. Combined respiratory chain deficiency and reduced numbers of mitochondria were detected in all three patients with acute liver failure. Low complex IV activity in biliary atresia and complex II defects in cirrhosis were common findings. All six patients diagnosed with liver tumours showed variable alterations in mitochondrial function, probably due to the heterogeneity of the presenting tumour. In conclusion, mitochondrial dysfunction is common in severe liver failure in non-mitochondrial conditions. Therefore, in contrast to the common practice detection of respiratory chain abnormalities in liver should not restrict the inclusion of patients for liver transplantation. Furthermore, improving mitochondrial function may be targeted as part of a complex therapy approach in different forms of liver diseases.