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1.
Purpose The objective of this work was to investigate the influence of various preparation and formulation parameters on the in vitro and in vivo release of bupivacaine hydrochloride from an injectable in situ forming microparticle system (ISM).
Methods The in vitro drug release of ISM was investigated as a function of various formulation and process parameters and was compared to the
drug release from in situ forming implants and conventional microparticles. In vivo studies were carried out in male Sprague–Dawley rats.
Results Upon contact with an aqueous medium, the internal polymer phase of the ISM system solidified and formed microparticles. The
initial drug release from ISM systems was reduced with decreasing polymer phase/external oil phase ratio. An advantage of
the ISM system compared to in situ implant systems was the significantly reduced burst effect, resulting in drug release profiles comparable to microparticles
prepared by conventional methods. The in vivo drug release studies were in good agreement with the in vitro drug release. With the ISM system, the analgesic effect of the bupivacaine hydrochloride was prolonged when compared to the
injection of a drug solution or drug-polymer solution.
Conclusions ISM are an attractive alternative for parenteral drug delivery systems. 相似文献
2.
Purpose The efflux transporter, P-glycoprotein (P-gp), located in the brush-border membrane of intestinal absorptive cells, reduces the bioavailability of a wide range of orally administered drugs. Using P-gp inhibitors in transport experiments in Caco-2 cell monolayers is widely accepted as an efficient way to estimate the contribution of P-gp to the intestinal absorption of drugs. However, there still remain some arguments that the inhibitors might affect the function of other proteins. Multidrug resistance 1 gene (MDR1) specifically inhibited Caco-2 cells were constructed, therefore, as a better in vitro evaluation system of intestinal drug absorption.Methods The effective sites of RNAi were selected using siRNA libraries and single siRNAs and MDR1 stable knockdown Caco-2 cells were constructed using a tRNAval-shRNA expression vector.Results In siRNA stably expressed Caco-2 cells, the expression level of MDR1 was reduced at mRNA and protein levels. Transcellular transport studies using digoxin revealed that the P-gp function was suppressed completely, similar to that in verapamil-treated cells.Conclusions MDR1 stable knockdown Caco-2 cells were successfully constructed by RNAi technology. This will consequently allow the development of a selection system for candidate drugs with improved absorption properties. 相似文献
3.
Purpose The objective was to elucidate the inhibition requirements of the human organic cation/carnitine transporter (hOCTN2).
Methods Twenty-seven drugs were screened initially for their potential to inhibit uptake of l-carnitine into a stably transfected hOCTN2-MDCK cell monolayer. A HipHop common features pharmacophore was developed and
used to search a drug database. Fifty-three drugs, including some not predicted to be inhibitors, were selected and screened
in vitro.
Results A common features pharmacophore was derived from initial screening data and consisted of three hydrophobic features and a
positive ionizable feature. Among the 33 tested drugs that were predicted to map to the pharmacophore, 27 inhibited hOCTN2
in vitro (40% or less l-carnitine uptake from 2.5 μM l-carnitine solution in presence of 500 μM drug, compared to l-carnitine uptake without drug present). Hence, the pharmacophore accurately prioritized compounds for testing. K
i measurements showed low micromolar inhibitors belonged to diverse therapeutic classes of drugs, including many not previously
known to inhibit hOCTN2. Compounds were more likely to cause rhabdomyolysis if the C
max/K
i ratio was higher than 0.0025.
Conclusion A combined pharmacophore and in vitro approach found new, structurally diverse inhibitors for hOCTN2 that may possibly cause clinical significant toxicity such
as rhabdomyolysis.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
4.
Purpose
We developed simulation and modeling methods to predict the in vivo pharmacokinetic profiles of acyclovir, following escalating oral doses of valacyclovir, in wildtype and Pept1 knockout mice. We also quantitated the contribution of specific intestinal segments in the absorption of valacyclovir in these mice.Methods
Simulations were conducted using a mechanistic advanced compartmental absorption and transit (ACAT) model implemented in GastroPlus?. Simulations were performed for 3 h post-dose in wildtype and Pept1 knockout mice following single oral doses of 10, 25, 50 and 100 nmol/g valacyclovir, and compared to experimentally observed plasma concentration-time profiles of acyclovir.Results
Good fits were obtained in wildtype and Pept1 knockout mice. Valacyclovir was primarily absorbed from duodenum (42%) and jejunum (24%) of wildtype mice, with reduced uptake from ileum (3%) and caecum/colon (1%), for a total of 70% absorption. In contrast, the absorption of valacyclovir in Pept1 knockout mice was slow and sustained throughout the entire intestinal tract in which duodenum (4%), jejunum (14%), ileum (10%) and caecum/colon (12%) accounted for a total of 40% absorption.Conclusion
The ACAT model bridged the gap between in situ and in vivo experimental findings, and facilitated our understanding of the complicated intestinal absorption processes of valacyclovir.5.
Purpose The medium chain fatty acid, sodium caprate (C10), is a promising oral drug delivery agent that may promote permeability of peptides through increasing paracellular permeability
of the intestinal epithelium. One safety concern is that it may permit co-absorption of by-stander agents including pathogens.
The purpose of this in vitro study was to examine the effects of C10 on rat intestinal ileal mucosae in the presence of co-administered Salmonella typhimurium in a low volume vertical Ussing chamber.
Methods C10 or S. typhimurium was added to rat ileal mucosae mounted in chambers and the flux of the paracellular flux of [14C]-mannitol examined. S. typhimurium adherence and uptake by ileal mucosae was also examined by counting. Bacterial growth curves were assessed in the presence
of C10. Minimum inhibitory- and bacteriocidal concentrations of C10 were determined against a range of bacteria.
Results Apical addition of either C10 or S. typhimurium to rat ileal mucosae mounted in modified diffusion chambers significantly increased the flux of [14C]-mannitol in a concentration-dependent fashion. Co-exposure with increasing concentrations of C10 attenuated the Salmonella-induced increase in mannitol flux. Histological evaluation revealed that C10 inhibited both adhesion and invasion of S. typhimurium to intestinal mucosae. Short term bacterial growth studies in the presence of C10 showed evidence of concentration-dependent inhibition. C10 was bacteriocidal in mM concentrations against S. typhimurium and selected gram positive and negative bacteria.
Conclusions C10 does not promote the permeation of a common bacterium across isolated intestinal tissue upon acute co-exposure. It prevents
S. typhimurium attachment to epithelia and impedes growth of a range of different bacterial strains. 相似文献
6.
No HeadingPurpose. To assess the effects of polysorbates 80 and 60 on intestinal lipoprotein processing in vitro, using Caco-2 cells, and to compare the results with those obtained using an in vivo intestinal lymphatic cannulated rat model.Methods. Caco-2 monolayers were used to monitor changes in lipoprotein secretion following exposure to excipients. In vivo data was obtained by monitoring intestinal lymphatic triglyceride levels following intraduodenal administration of the excipient to an anesthetised mesenteric lymph cannulated rat.Results. Caco-2 cells digested the polysorbate 80 to liberate oleic acid, which was used by the cells to enhance basolateral secretion of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins including chylomicrons. This response was not seen with polysorbate 60. Polysorbate 80 elicited a similar response in vivo in the rat model, stimulating enhanced triglyceride secretion in mesenteric lymph. Inhibition of lipoprotein secretion by Cremophor EL in Caco-2 cells was reversed by co-administration with polysorbate 80.Conclusions. Polysorbate 80 promoted chylomicron secretion in Caco-2 cells and counteracted the inhibitory effects of other surfactants. These properties, in tandem with its P-gp inhibitory activity, make polysorbate 80 an ideal excipient for lymphotrophic vehicles. The ability to predict the in vivo response to Polysorbate 80 implies that the Caco-2 model is useful for studying absorption mechanisms from oral lipid-based formulations. 相似文献
7.
Shireen Shaharina Shamaun Mawardi Rahmani Najihah Mohd Hashim Hazar Bebe Mohd Ismail Mohd Aspollah Sukari Gwendoline Ee Cheng Lian Rusea Go 《Journal of natural medicines》2010,64(4):478-481
Six prenylated flavones, including one new compound, were isolated and identified from the stem bark extracts of Artocarpus altilis. The new prenylated flavone hydroxyartocarpin (1) was characterized as 3-(γ,γ-dimethylallyl)-6-isopentenyl-5,8,2′,4′-tetrahydroxy-7-methoxyflavone and the known compounds were artocarpin (2), morusin (3), cycloartobiloxanthone (4), cycloartocarpin A (5) and artoindonesianin V (6). The structures of the compounds were determined by spectroscopic methods (IR, MS, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR) and comparison with published data for the known compounds. 相似文献
8.
Saijie Zhu Minghuang Hong Lihong Zhang Guotao Tang Yanyan Jiang Yuanying Pei 《Pharmaceutical research》2010,27(1):161-174
Purpose
To investigate the effects of PEGylation degree and drug conjugation style on the in vitro and in vivo behavior of PEGylated polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers-based drug delivery system. 相似文献9.
Purpose
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2/ABCC2) is an efflux pump that removes drugs and chemicals from cells. We sought to characterize the expression, trafficking and in vitro activity of seven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the ABCC2 gene.Methods
ABCC2 SNPs were generated using site-directed mutagenesis and stably expressed in Flp-In HEK293 cells, which allows targeted insertion of transgenes within the genome. Total and cell surface expression of MRP2 as well as accumulation of substrates (calcein AM and 5(6)-carboxy-2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate, CDCF) were quantified in cells or inverted membrane vesicles expressing wild-type (WT) or variant forms.Results
The cell surface expression of the C-24T-, G1249A-, G3542T-, T3563A-, C3972T- and G4544A-MRP2 variants was similar to WT-MRP2. While expression was similar, transport of calcein AM was enhanced in cells expressing the G3542T-, T3563A-, C3972T-, and G4544A-MRP2 variants. By comparison, cells expressing the C2366T-MRP2 variant had 40–50% lower surface expression, which increased the accumulation of calcein AM up to 3-fold. Accumulation of CDCF in inverted membrane vesicles expressing the C2366T-MRP2 variant was also reduced by 50%. In addition, the G1249A-MRP2 variant had decreased transport of CDCF.Conclusions
Taken together, these data demonstrate that genetic variability in the ABCC2 gene influences the in vitro expression, trafficking, and transport activity of MRP2.10.
Bachmakov I Rekersbrink S Hofmann U Eichelbaum M Fromm MF 《Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology》2005,371(3):195-201
Digoxin is a drug with a narrow therapeutic index, which is a substrate of the ATP-dependent efflux pump P-glycoprotein. Increased or decreased digoxin plasma concentrations occur in humans due to the inhibition or induction of this drug transporter in organs with excretory function such as small intestine, liver and kidney. It is well known that serum concentrations of digoxin increase considerably in humans if propafenone is given simultaneously. However, it has not been investigated in detail whether propafenone and its metabolites are substrates and/or inhibitors of human P-glycoprotein. The aim of this study, therefore, was to investigate the P-glycoprotein-mediated transport and inhibition properties of propafenone and its major metabolites 5-hydroxypropafenone and N-desalkylpropafenone in Caco-2 cell monolayers. Inhibition of P-glycoprotein-mediated transport by propafenone and its metabolites was determined using digoxin as a P-glycoprotein substrate. No polarised transport was observed for propafenone and N-desalkylpropafenone in Caco-2 cell monolayers. However, 5-hydroxypropafenone translocation was significantly greater from basal-to-apical compared with apical-to-basal (Papp basal–apical vs. Papp apical–basal, 10.21±2.63×10–6 vs. 4.34±1.84×10–6 cm/s; P<0.01). Moreover, propafenone, 5-hydroxypropafenone and N-desalkylpropafenone inhibited P-glycoprotein-mediated digoxin transport with IC50 values of 6.8, 19.9, and 21.3 M, respectively. In summary, whereas propafenone and N-desalkylpropafenone are not substrates of P-glycoprotein, 5-hydroxypropafenone is translocated by human P-glycoprotein across cell monolayers. In addition, propafenone and its two major metabolites 5-hydroxypropafenone and N-desalkylpropafenone are inhibitors of human P-glycoprotein and therefore contribute to the digoxin–propafenone interaction observed in humans. 相似文献
11.
Benjamin Guiastrennec Erik Söderlind Sara Richardson Alexandra Peric Martin Bergstrand 《Pharmaceutical research》2017,34(4):847-859
Purpose
To develop a model linking in vitro and in vivo erosion of extended release tablets under fasting and postprandial status.Methods
A nonlinear mixed-effects model was developed from the in vitro erosion profiles of four hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) matrix tablets studied under a range of experimental conditions. The model was used to predict in vivo erosion of the HPMC matrix tablets in different locations of the gastrointestinal tract, determined by magnetic marker monitoring. In each gastrointestinal segment the pH was set to physiological values and mechanical stress was estimated in USP2 apparatus rotation speed equivalent.Results
Erosion was best described by a Michaelis–Menten type model. The maximal HPMC release rate (VMAX) was affected by pH, mechanical stress, HPMC and calcium hydrogen phosphate content. The amount of HPMC left at which the release rate is half of VMAX depended on pH and calcium hydrogen phosphate. Mechanical stress was estimated for stomach (39.5 rpm), proximal (93.3 rpm) and distal (31.1 rpm) small intestine and colon (9.99 rpm).Conclusions
The in silico model accurately predicted the erosion profiles of HPMC matrix tablets under fasting and postprandial status and can be used to facilitate future development of extended release tablets.12.
Purpose
To determine the in vitro sub-cellular localization and in vivo efficacy of chitosan/GMO nanostructures containing paclitaxel (PTX) compared to a conventional PTX treatment (Taxol®).Methods
The sub-cellular localization of coumarin-6 labeled chitosan/GMO nanostructures was determined by confocal microscopy in MDA-MB-231 cells. The antitumor efficacy was evaluated in two separate studies using FOX-Chase (CB17) SCID Female-Mice MDA-MB-231 xenograph model. Treatments consisted of intravenous Taxol® or chitosan/GMO nanostructures with or without PTX, local intra-tumor bolus of Taxol® or chitosan/GMO nanostructures with or without PTX. The tumor diameter and animal weight was monitored at various intervals. Histopathological changes were evaluated in end-point tumors.Results
The tumor diameter increased at a constant rate for all the groups between days 7-14. After a single intratumoral bolus dose of chitosan/GMO containing PTX showed significant reduction in tumor diameter on day 15 when compared to control, placebo and intravenous PTX administration. The tumor diameter reached a maximal decrease (4-fold) by day 18, and the difference was reduced to approximately 2-fold by day 21. Qualitatively similar results were observed in a separate study containing PTX when administered intravenously.Conclusion
Chitosan/GMO nanostructures containing PTX are safe and effective administered locally or intravenously. Partially supported by DOD Award BC04566413.
Rezvan Yazdian-Robati Mohammad Ramezani Seyed Hamid Jalalian Khalil Abnous Seyed Mohammad Taghdisi 《Pharmaceutical research》2016,33(9):2289-2297
Purpose
The clinical use of Epirubicin (Epi), as an anthracycline drug, is limited because of its cardiotoxicity. Here, an Epirubicin (Epi)-modified polyvalent aptamer system (MPAS) conjugate was developed for the treatment of both murine colon carcinoma cells (C26) and breast cancer cells (MCF-7).Methods
Epi-MPAS conjugate formation was evaluated by fluorometric analysis. Release profiles of Epi from the developed conjugate were analyzed at pHs 5.4 and 7.4. For MTT assay (cytotoxic study) C26 and MCF-7 (target cells) and CHO cells (Chinese hamster ovary cell, nontarget) were treated with Epi, MPAS and Epi-MPAS conjugate. Internalization was assessed by fluorescence imaging and flow cytometry analysis. The designed conjugate was used for prohibition of tumor growth in vivo.Results
Release of Epi from the Epi-MPAS conjugated was pH-dependent (more release at pH 5.5). Flow cytometry analysis and MTT assay showed that Epi-MPAS conjugate could significantly enhance the cellular uptake of Epi and increase its cytotoxicity in target cells as compared with non-targeted cell (CHO). Additionally, this complex could efficiently prohibit the tumor growth in vivo.Conclusion
In conclusion, the developed drug delivery system had the characteristics of efficient Epi loading, pH-dependent drug release and tumor targeting in vitro and in vivo.14.
Jin Guan Liying Zhou Yusheng Pan Haitao Han Hongtao Xu Weisan Pan 《Pharmaceutical research》2010,27(1):105-114
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to develop a novel gastro-retentive osmotic pump capsule using asymmetric membrane technology. 相似文献15.
Le Duc Dat Nguyen Phuong Thao Bui Thi Thuy Luyen Bui Huu Tai Mi Hee Woo Zahid Manzoor Irshad Ali Young Sang Koh Young Ho Kim 《Archives of pharmacal research》2017,40(3):311-317
Twelve saponins were isolated from the leaves of Acanthopanax koreanum, including one new lupane-type triterpene glycoside, named acankoreoside R (1), together with 11 known triterpenoid saponins (2–12). Their structures were elucidated by 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), mass spectroscopic data (MS). All of the fractions and isolated saponins were evaluated for anti-inflammatory activities in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) by ELISA. Among them, compounds 1–5, 7, 10, and 12 showed strong inhibitions towards interleukin-12 (IL-12) production with IC50 values ranging from 1.59 to 5.46 µM. Other compounds were weak or inactive toward IL-12 p40 production. 相似文献
16.
Purpose The objectives of the study was to develop a dissolution test method that can be used to predict the oral absorption of montelukast
sodium, and to establish an in vitro/in vivo correlation (IVIVC) using computer simulations.
Methods Drug solubility was measured in different media. The dissolution behaviour of montelukast sodium 10 mg film coated tablets
was studied using the flow-through cell dissolution method following a dynamic pH change protocol, as well as in the USP Apparatus
2. Computer simulations were performed using GastroPlus™. Biorelevant dissolution media (BDM) prepared using bile salts and
lecithin in buffers was used as the dissolution media, as well as the USP simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) pH 6.8 and blank
FaSSIF pH 6.5. Dissolution tests in the USP Apparatus 2 were performed under a constant pH condition, while the pH range used
in the flow through cells was pH 2.0 to 7.5. The in vitro data were used as input functions into GastroPlus™ to simulate the in vivo profiles of the drug.
Results The solubility of montelukast sodium was low at low pH, but increased as the pH was increased. There was no significant difference
in solubility in the pH range of 5.0 to 7.5 in blank buffers, but the drug solubility was higher in biorelevant media compared
with the corresponding blank buffers at the same pH. Using the flow through cells, the dissolution rate was fast in simulated
gastric fluid containing 0.1% SLS. The dissolution rate slowed down when the medium was changed to FaSSIF pH 6.5 and increased
when the medium was changed to FaSSIF medium at pH 7.5. In the USP Apparatus 2, better dissolution was observed in FaSSIF
compared with the USP buffers and blank FaSSIF with similar pH values. Dissolution was incomplete with less than 10% of the
drug dissolved in the USP-SIF, and was practically non existent in blank FaSSIF pH 6.5. The in vitro results of the dynamic dissolution test were able to predict the clinical data from a bioavailability study best.
Conclusions Dynamic dissolution testing using the flow through cell seems to be a powerful tool to establish in vitro/in vivo correlations for poorly soluble drugs as input function into GastroPlus. 相似文献
17.
Shaoning?Wang Shihui?Yu Yuwei?Lin Peizhi?Zou Guihong?Chai Heidi?H.?Yu Hasini?Wickremasinghe Nivedita?Shetty Junhong?Ling Jian?Li Qi??Zhou 《Pharmaceutical research》2018,35(10):187
Purpose
This study aims to develop liposomal formulations containing synergistic antibiotics of colistin and ciprofloxacin for the treatment of infections caused by multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa.Methods
Colistin (Col) and ciprofloxacin (Cip) were co-encapsulated in anionic liposomes by ammonium sulfate gradient. Particle size, encapsulation efficiency, in vitro drug release and in vitro antibiotic activities were evaluated.Results
The optimized liposomal formulation has uniform sizes of approximately 100 nm, with encapsulation efficiency of 67.0% (for colistin) and 85.2% (for ciprofloxacin). Incorporation of anionic lipid (DMPG) markedly increased encapsulation efficiency of colistin (from 5.4 to 67.0%); however, the encapsulation efficiency of ciprofloxacin was independent of DMPG ratio. Incorporation of colistin significantly accelerated the release of ciprofloxacin from the DMPG anionic liposomes. In vitro release of ciprofloxacin and colistin in the bovine serum for 2 h were above 70 and 50%. The cytotoxicity study using A549 cells showed the liposomal formulation is as non-toxic as the drug solutions. Liposomal formulations of combinations had enhanced in vitro antimicrobial activities against multidrug resistant P. aeruginosa than the monotherapies.Conclusions
Liposomal formulations of two synergistic antibiotics was promising against multidrug resistant P. aeruginosa infections.18.
Keely S Rullay A Wilson C Carmichael A Carrington S Corfield A Haddleton DM Brayden DJ 《Pharmaceutical research》2005,22(1):38-49
No HeadingPurpose. The adhesion of a range of polymers based on poly(2-(dimethylamino-ethyl) methacrylate (pDMAEMA) was assessed using human mucus-secreting and non mucus-secreting intestinal cell monolayers, HT29-MTX-E12 (E12) and HT29 monolayers, as well as excised non-everted intestinal sacs from rats. Differentiation of mucoadhesion from bioadhesion was achieved by pre-treatment with the mucolytic agent, N-acetyl cysteine (NAC). Adherence of pDMAEMA polymers was compared to that obtained with the mucoadhesive, N-trimethylated chitosan (TMC).Methods. The quantity of adherent coumarin 343-conjugated polymers to HT29, E12, and intestinal sacs was measured by fluorescence. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), light microscopy, and fluorescent microscopy were used to provide direct evidence. Measurements of transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), permeability to FITC-dextran 4000 (FD-4), and the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were used to assess potential cytotoxicity of polymers.Results. Adherence of unquaternized and of 10%, 24%, and 32% methyl iodide-quaternized pDMAEMA polymers was measured in E12, HT29, and sacs. All pDMAEMA polymers showed significantly higher levels of adhesion to mucus (mucoadhesion) than to epithelium (bioadhesion). Colocalization of pDMAEMA with mucus was confirmed in E12 by microscopy. TMC showed equally high levels of mucoadhesion as unquaternized and 24% quaternized pDMAEMA, but displayed higher levels of bioadhesion. pDMAEMA-based polymers demonstrated lower levels of adherence to E12 and rat sacs in the presence of NAC, whereas adherence of TMC was unchanged. pDMAEMA significantly decreased the permeability of FD-4 across E12 monolayers and sacs and was less cytotoxic in E12 than in HT29. In contrast, TMC increased the permeability of FD-4 across E12 and sacs and was less cytotoxic in E12 than in HT29.Conclusions. Human mucus–producing E12 monolayers can be used to assess polymer mucoadhesion and give similar data to isolated rat intestinal sacs. pDMAEMA displayed similar levels of mucoadhesion and lower levels of bioadhesion than a chitosan derivative and it was not cytotoxic. pDMAEMA decreased FD-4 flux in the presence of mucus, whereas TMC increased it. The combination of mucus and methacrylate polymers appears to increase barrier function of the apical membrane. 相似文献
19.
Lu D Garcia-Contreras L Xu D Kurtz SL Liu J Braunstein M McMurray DN Hickey AJ 《Pharmaceutical research》2007,24(10):1834-1843
PURPOSE: To investigate the use of poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microparticles in respirable sizes as carriers for Antigen 85B (Ag85B), a secreted protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, with the ultimate goal of employing them in pulmonary delivery of tuberculosis vaccine. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Recombinant Ag85B was expressed from two Escherichia coli strains and encapsulated by spray-drying in PLGA microspheres with/without adjuvants. These microspheres containing rAg85B were assessed for their ability to deliver antigen to macrophages for subsequent processing and presentation to the specific CD4 T-hybridoma cells DB-1. DB-1 cells recognize the Ag85B(97-112) epitope presented in the context of MHC class II and secrete IL-2 as the cytokine marker. RESULTS: Microspheres suitable for aerosol delivery to the lungs (3.4-4.3 microm median diameter) and targeting alveolar macrophages were manufactured. THP-1 macrophage-like cells exposed with PLGA-rAg85B microspheres induced the DB-1 cells to produce IL-2 at a level that was two orders of magnitude larger than the response elicited by soluble rAg85B. This formulation demonstrated extended epitope presentation. CONCLUSIONS: PLGA microspheres in respirable sizes were effective in delivering rAg85B in an immunologically relevant manner to macrophages. These results are a foundation for further investigation into the potential use of PLGA particles for delivery of vaccines to prevent M. tuberculosis infection. 相似文献
20.
We examined the effects of sublethal doses of an organophosphorus insecticide, Methyl Parathion (MeP), on the foraging behaviour of honeybees (Apis mellifera ligustica) in a flight cage. The results revealed that MeP modified the frequency of visits to a feeding station to which the bees had previously been trained. A dose of 50 ng per animal elicited an increase in the frequency of visits to the feeder, compared to control animals. A dose of 10 ng, on the other hand, led initially to a decrease in the visit frequency, followed by an increase to a level above that of the controls. A hypothesis is presented to account for the way in which MeP affects foraging behaviour. We propose that the behavioural assay presented here could be useful as a preliminary screening test to study sublethal effects of pesticides on foraging performance in honeybees. 相似文献