颅脑手术医院感染及其影响因素Logistic回归分析

目的分析神经外科颅脑手术医院感染的发病情况及其相关影响因素，探讨预防及控制对策。方法对2006年1月～2006年9月，收治的190例神经外科颅脑手术患者进行医院感染调查，用Logistic回归分析方法找出影响感染的主要危险因素。结果颅脑手术医院感染的例次发生率为31．05％；感染部位前三者是颅内感染、上呼吸道感染和肺部感染，分别占35．59％、28．81％和22．03％。Logistic回归分析显示感染的主要危险因素为抗菌药物使用天数、ICU住院天数、术前住院天数、年龄、瘤腔引流管和脑室引流管。结论神经外科颅脑手术医院感染率较高，应重视颅脑手术医院感染的预防与控制，针对不同的危险因素采取相应的预防措施可减少术后感染的发生，如合理使用抗菌药、缩短围手术期抗菌药物使用时间、减少ICU留置时间及术前住院时间、尽量避免或缩短各种管道的留置等措施将有利于感染的控制。     

神经外科手术感染相关危险因素分析及防控措施

目的调查神经外科手术感染相关危险因素,为临床制定防控措施提供参考。方法回顾性分析2010-04—2014-04在我院接受神经外科手术的224例患者的临床资料,收集患者一般临床资料及实验室检查指标,对与感染有关的可能危险因素进行单因素卡方检验以及多因素非条件Logistic回归分析。结果224例手术患者中,42例发生感染,发病率18.6%,手术感染主要为创口感染和颅内感染,其中创口感染31例(发生率13.8%)、颅内感染11例(发生率4.9%);经多因素Logistic回归分析最终筛选出年龄、血清白蛋白水平40(g/L)、术前住院天数、糖尿病、备皮时机、手术切口及接台手术是神经外科手术发生感染的独立危险因素。结论多种高危因素导致神经外科手术感染的发生,应当积极的加强感控措施,对各种危险因素进行干预以降低感染率的发生。     

神经外科病人医院感染相关因素分析及护理对策

目的 了解神经外科病人医院感染发生率及危险因素,探讨护理对策.方法 回顾性调查2006-10～2008-12收治的490例神经外科患者发生医院感染的部位、原因、病原菌.结果 发生医院感染52例(10.61%); 致感染的病原菌主要是金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、克雷伯氏菌、大肠埃希菌;感染主要为下呼吸道(55.07%)、泌尿道(15.94%)、手术切口(10.14%)、 胃肠道(8.67%)等;感染的相关因素有:意识障碍、脑外伤或脑卒中、侵入性操作等.结论 针对各种危险因素对医院感染进行监测,做好留置管道的护理工作,加强基础护理,合理使用抗生素,做好病室的清洁消毒工作.     

神经外科手术患者医院感染的危险因素分析

目的分析神经外科患者手术后医院感染的危险因素,探讨预防控制神经外科医院感染的对策。方法回顾性分析2010-01—2012-01收治的441例神经外科患者的资料,按照是否合并医院感染,对医院感染发生率及危险因素进行分析。结果 441例患者中发生医院感染14例,感染率3.2%;其中年龄≥60岁感染率9.12%,急诊手术感染率6.8%,手术时间≥3h,术前存在感染灶感染率为25%,经卡方检验,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论神经外科患者手术后合并医院感染与以上各种危险因素有关,应加强术前、术中、术后质量管理,尽量缩短手术时间,加强手术前病灶的管理以降低神经外科手术患者医院感染发生率。     

2696例急性脑卒中患者医院感染危险因素分析

目的 分析急性脑卒中患者医院感染的危险因素,为预防和控制医院感染提供依据.方法 采用回顾性调查方法,对我院2001-2007年收治的急性脑卒中患者发生医院感染的危险因素进行分析.结果 共调查急性脑卒中患者2696例,查出医院感染病例318例,365例次,医院感染发生率和例次发生率分别为11.79%和13.54%,年龄、并发症、住院时间、功能障碍、卧床、应用抗生素均与医院感染有明显关系.结论 脑卒中是医院感染的高危人群,年龄、并发症、住院时间、功能障碍、卧床、不合理使用抗生素均能增加医院感染率.     

神经外科植物状态病人医院感染的调查分析

目的了解神经外科植物状态病人在住院期间发生医院感染情况及其影响因素，降低医院感染率。方法对32例植物状态病人病因、病情、年龄及采取的诊治措施等进行调查，并与同期收治的神经外科病人进行比较，分析其住院感染率升高的原因。结果神经外科植物状态病人医院感染发生率高，感染依次多见于下呼吸道、泌尿道、消化道、循环系统及侵入性诊疗部位等。结论神经外科植物状态病人医院感染率高于其他病人，其原因是其机体抵抗力下降，与其他病人相比多接受一些侵袭性诊治，使危险因素和易感刚素增加，控制工作的重点应针对此类病人采取相应措施。     

神经外科重症监护患者肺部感染的相关危险因素分析及护理对策

目的：分析神经外科重症监护患者肺部感染的相关危险因素，并探讨相应的护理对策。方法将2012‐01‐12神经外科78例重症监护患者为研究对象，统计肺部感染发生率，分析引起肺部感染的相关危险因素，并在2013‐01以后的临床护理工作中实施相应的护理对策。对比2012年和2013年患者肺部感染发生率和护患满意率的差异性。结果与2012年对比，2013年神经外科重症监护患者肺部感染发生率明显降低，护患满意率明显升高，差异有统计学意义（ P＜0.05）。结论气管切开、大剂量使用激素、吸烟史、合并肺部原发病是引起神经外科重症监护患者肺部感染的主要危险因素，在护理工作中加强呼吸道管理有助于控制感染。     

神经外科患者并发肺部感染的相关因素分析

目的分析神经外科患者并发肺部感染的相关因素,为临床降低肺部感染率提供参考。方法统计2015年1月-2018年5月作者所在医院神经外科2 190例患者一般情况、临床表现、手术相关及实验室等资料,分析肺部感染的发生率及影响因素。结果 2 190例患者中肺部感染158例(7. 2%),性别差异无统计学意义(P 0. 05);年龄≥60岁、重度意识障碍、血清白蛋白 40 g/L、住院时间 14天、行气管插管或切开、使用呼吸机、手术创伤、糖尿病、吸烟史、预防性使用抗生素、鼻饲饮食与肺部感染关系密切(P 0. 05)。多因素分析结果显示年龄、意识障碍、血清白蛋白、住院时间、气管插管或切开、使用呼吸机、糖尿病、吸烟史、预防性使用抗生素均为独立相关因素(P 0. 05)。结论加强对患者肺部感染相关因素的重视与监控,有利于指导临床制定治疗措施,降低神经外科住院患者肺部感染发生率。     

颅脑损伤患者院内感染分析及护理对策

目的 分析探讨颅脑损伤患者院内感染因素,为预防医院感染,制定预防性护理措施提供依据.方法 应用回顾性的调查方法,对我院神经外科2004-01～2006-05收治颅脑损伤病人396例进行分析.结果 院内感染者以呼吸道、泌尿系、胃肠道为主.与意识障碍、卧床、住院时间长,各种侵入性操作及抗生素的不合理使用有密切关系.结论 规范预防院内感染的措施,加强基础护理及病房管理,重视护理人员的手部清洁消毒,严格无菌操作,合理使用抗生素,改善机体营养等预见性护理措施,对控制院内感染有重要意义.     

神经外科医院感染特点及易感因素分析

目的了解神经外科的医院感染特点,并探讨神经外科患者医院感染的易感因素,以控制和减少医院感染率。方法采取目标监测及回顾性调查的方法,对2010—2011年入住神经外科的1 844例患者的临床资料进行统计。结果 1844例住院患者中查出188例医院感染,神经外科医院感染率10.19%,显著高出同期的医院平均感染率4.7%,感染205例,发病率11.11%,同样高于同期医院平均感染例次发病率5.2%;感染部位的构成比以下呼吸道最高,为43.16%,其次为泌尿系统(18.96%)和消化系统(13.69%);神经外科病房医院感染的发生与患者年龄、住院时间、昏迷、手术时间长和侵入性操作等因素有关。结论神经外科医院感染率明显高于其他科室,需采取综合性的防范措施才能有效降低医院感染发病率。     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.     

Summary of legislation of 1935 of interest to the department of Mental Hygiene

Psychiatric Quarterly -