膝关节后外侧角重建术中骨隧道定位的应用解剖研究

目的测量国人膝关节后外侧角(posterolateral corner of the knee,PLC)中外侧副韧带(lateral collateral ligament,LCL)、腘肌腱(popliteus tendon,PT)和腘腓韧带(popliteofibular ligament,PFL)止点的解剖学数据,为临床PLC重建术中骨隧道的定位提供解剖学依据。方法取30个成年膝关节甲醛固定标本,其中男14例,女16例;年龄45～71岁,平均55岁。对PLC结构进行观察,测量LCL、PT和PFL附丽部中心点与股骨外上髁和腓骨茎突最近点的位置关系以及附丽部的横截面积,并将每个标本测量值进行标准化。结果股骨侧:LCL附丽部中心点在股骨外上髁近端(1.27±3.10)mm、后方(2.99±1.29)mm,PT附丽部中心点在股骨外上髁远端(8.85±3.38)mm、后方(3.83±1.95)mm。腓骨侧:LCL附丽部中心点在腓骨茎突最近点远端(10.56±2.17)mm、前方(7.51±1.81)mm,PFL附丽部中心点在腓骨茎突最近点远端(1.31±0.55)mm、前方(0.49±1.36)mm。LCL和PT在股骨上附丽部的横截面积分别为(44.96±13.29)mm2和(52.52±11.93)mm2,LCL和PFL在腓骨上附丽部的横截面积分别为(35.93±11.21)mm2和(14.71±6.91)mm2。结论 LCL、PFL及PT的附丽部中心点具有稳定性。     

Assessment of interobserver variation in Garden classification and management of fresh intracapsular femoral neck fracture in adults

Objective： To assess the interobserver agreement on Garden classification of fresh femoral neck fracture and management plan based on anteroposterior （AP） view and also assess if the addition of lateral view changes the classification and management plan. Methods： Ten orthopaedic surgeons were asked to classify 35 femoral neck fractures on AP view only and propose the management plan. Then the same films were reshown in conjunction with their lateral view after 10 days. Results were compared with respect to the classification and management plan between two groups. Interobserver agreement was calculated using Fleiss＇ kappa. Results： There was only a fair interobserver agreement （kappa value 0.39） on Garden classification on AP view only which improved to moderate agreement （kappa value 0.52） after adding a lateral view. While there was only a slight improvement in the interobserver agreement on the management plan on AP view only （kappa value 0.50） and AP combined with lateral views （kappa value 0.52）. Supplementation of the lateral view changed the classification in 15.42% of the cases and altered the management plan in 23.14% of the cases. Conclusion： We conclude that lateral view should be obtained routinely on all patients with suspected femoral neck fracture as it definitely has a role in planning treatment of femoral neck fracture.     

膝关节软骨人体标本解剖与磁共振成像的比较研究

目的 探讨膝关节尸体标本解剖与磁共振成像(MRI)三维序列-扰相梯度回波序列(3D-FS-SPGR)测量关节软骨厚度的差异,并分析软骨组织主要成分在关节软骨不同位置的差异.方法选用国人青壮年中等身材、无明显关节病变的成年男性尸体膝关节标本2具,首先进行3D-FS-SPGR序列矢状位扫描.复冻后按解剖部位进行矢状位解剖,分别对股骨及胫骨内、外髁负重区前、后面及髌骨面软骨厚度进行测量.关节软骨石蜡切片进行维多利亚蓝-丽春红复合染色并观察.结果 软骨尸体标本解剖与3D-FS-SPGR序列测得的膝关节软骨厚度:股骨外侧髁前负重面平均分别为2.25、2.25 mm,股骨外侧髁后负重面平均分别为2.70、2.75 mm,胫骨外侧髁前负重面平均分别为2.00、2.10 mm;胫骨外侧髁后负重而平均分别为2.35、2.25 mm,股骨内侧髁前负重面平均分别为2.20、2.20 mm,股骨内侧髁后负重面平均分别为2.15、2.30 mm,胫骨内侧髁前负重面半均分别为2.20、2.45mm,胫骨内侧髁后负重面平均分别为2.70、2.95 mm,髌骨面软骨平均分别为3.08、3.15 mm.软骨组织学染色显示:关节软骨表层胶原纤维含量相对较多,软骨细胞及其周围基质相对较少;在关节软骨深层,胶原纤维含量相对较少,而软骨及软骨周围基质相对较多.结论 3D-FS-SPGR序列能够相对真实地反映关节软骨的形态及厚度.胶原纤维主要集中在软骨表层,其分布与软骨的功能相一致.

Abstract：

Objective To compare corpse sampling and MR imaging with 3D-FS-SPGR sequences in measurement of the articular cartilage thickness and to investigate knee cartilage topography. Methods Two fresh specimens of the knee joint were obtained from 2 normal young adult male corpses of medium stature. MR1 scanning was carried on the 2 specimens in sagittal 3D-FS-SPGR MR sequences. After defrosted,the knee specimens were dissected longitudinally, and the cartilage thicknesses were measured at different locations of the knee joint. Paraffin sections of the knee cartilage were observed following compound staining with victoria blue and ponceau red. Results The average cartilage thicknesses measured by dissection and MR imaging sequence were respectively: 2. 25 mm and 2. 25 mm at the anterior weight-loading surface of the femoral lateral condyle, 2. 70 mm and 2. 75 mm at the posterior weight-loading surface of the femoral lateral condyle, 2. 00 mm and 2. 10 mm at the anterior weight-loading surface of the tibial lateral condyle,2. 35 mm and 2. 25 mm at the posterior weight-loading surface of the tibial lateral condyle, 2. 20 mm and 2. 20mm at the anterior weight-loading surface of the femoral medial condyle, 2. 15 mm and 2. 30 mm al the posterior weight-loading surface of the femoral medial condyle, 2. 20 mm and 2.45 mm at the anterior weight-loading surface of the tibial medial condyle, 2. 70 mm and 2. 95 mm at the posterior weight-loading surface of the tibial medial condyle and 3. 08 mm and 3. 15 mm at patella cartilage surface. Collagen fibers were rich at the periphery of the articular cartilage with sparse chondrocytes and matrixes, while the opposite was observed at the center of the articular cartilage. Conclusions MR imaging with 3D-FS-SPGR sequences can display the actual knee cartilage topography. Collagen fibers mainly concentrate at the periphery of the articular cartilage, which accounts for the function of the articular cartilage.     

Anterolateral rotatory instability in vivo correlates tunnel position after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using bone-patellar tendon-bone graft

AIM To quantitatively assess rotatory and anterior-posterior instability in vivo after anterior cruciate ligament(ACL) reconstruction using bone-patellar tendon-bone(BTB) autografts, and to clarify the influence of tunnel positions on the knee stability.METHODS Single-bundle ACL reconstruction with BTB autograft was performed on 50 patients with a mean age of 28 years using the trans-tibial(TT)(n = 20) and trans-portal(TP)(n = 30) techniques. Femoral and tibial tunnel positions were identified from the high-resolution 3 D-CT bone models two weeks after surgery. Anterolateral rotatory translation was examined using a Slocum anterolateral rotatory instability test in open magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) 1.0-1.5 years after surgery, by measuring anterior tibial translation at the medial and lateral compartments on its sagittal images. Anterior-posterior stability was evaluated with a Kneelax3 arthrometer.RESULTS A total of 40 patients(80%) were finally followed up. Femoral tunnel positions were shallower(P 0.01) and higher(P 0.001), and tibial tunnel positions were more posterior(P 0.05) in the TT group compared with the TP group. Anterolateral rotatory translations in reconstructed knees were significantly correlated with the shallow femoral tunnel positions(R = 0.42, P 0.01), and the rotatory translations were greater in the TT group(3.2 ± 1.6 mm) than in the TP group(2.0 ± 1.8 mm)(P 0.05). Side-to-side differences of Kneelax3 arthrometer were 1.5 ± 1.3 mm in the TT, and 1.7 ± 1.6 mm in the TP group(N.S.). Lysholm scores, KOOS subscales and reinjury rate showed no difference between the two groups.CONCLUSION Anterolateral rotatory instability significantly correlated shallow femoral tunnel positions after ACL reconstruction using BTB autografts. Clinical outcomes, rotatory and anterior-posterior stability were overall satisfactory in both techniques, but the TT technique located femoral tunnels in shallower and higher positions, and tibial tunnels in more posterior positions than the TP technique, thus increased the anterolateral rotation. Anatomic ACL reconstruction with BTB autografts may restore knee function and stability.     

提高股骨干骨折合并同侧股骨颈骨折早期诊断率的前瞻性研究

Objective To evaluate a serf-designed diagnostic protoeol which can early detect a femoral neck fracture for patients with a femoral shaft fracture. Methods From September 2005 to June 2007, a self-developed protocol was used to detect an ipsilateral femoral neck fracture for all the patients with femoral shaft fracture who had sought treatment in our department. This protocol consisted of anteroposterior plain radiography of internal rotator, intraoperative fluoroscopy of the hip, a fine (2 mm) cut computed to-mographic scan through the femoral neck, postoperative anteroposterior and lateral plain radiography of the hip in the operating room prior to awakening the patient, at the time of follow-up anteroposterior and lateral plain radiography of the hip in the presence of hip pain. The diagnostic effects of the protocol were compared with those of conventional diagnosis used for all the patients with femoral shaft fracture who had sought treatment in our department from September 2003 to August 2005. A chi-square analysis comparing the protocol group (September 2005 to June 2007) and the non-protocol group (September 2003 to August 2005) was used to assess the early and delayed diagnosis rates for an associated ipsilateral femoral neck fracture. Results The earlydiagnosis rate of an associated femoral neck fracture by the protocol was 93.8%, markedly higher than that by conventional method (46.2%), with statistically significant difference (χ2 = 4.069, P =0.044). Conclu-sion In presence of a femoral shaft fracture. this protocol consisting of plain radiography of intemal rotator, intraoperative fluoroscopy of the hip, fine cut computed tomographic scan of the femoral neck, postoperative plain radiography of the hip, and follow-up plain radiography of the hip in the presence of hip pain, may sig-nificantly improve the diagnostic rate of an associated femoral neck fracture.     

肘关节脱位与肱骨远端关节内骨折

Objective To describe dislocation of the elbow with articular fracture of the distal humerus,a type of elbow fracture-dislocation about which little has been written.Methods Four patients with a dislocation of the elbow and fracture of the distal humerus were identified.Three had dislocation and complex intraarticular fracture of the capitellum,trochlea,and lateral epicondyle.Results Two patients(one treated with a second operation to address avascular necrosis of the capitellum)achieved a functional arc of elbow motion and one patient was lost after removal of the implants 3 months after fracture with documented healing.The fourth patient had a complex open fracture dislocation involving the entire articular surface.An attempt to salvage the articular surface resulted in deep infection.Extensive heterotopic bone led to arthrodesis of the elbow.Conclusions Dislocations of the elbow with articular fracture of the humerus are uncommon.Most injuries involve the capitellum,lateral trochlea,and lateral epicondyle.Open reduction and internal fixation of the distal humerus fracture can restore stability without repairing the medial collateral ligament.     

提高股骨干骨折合并同侧股骨颈骨折早期诊断率的前瞻性研究

Objective To evaluate a serf-designed diagnostic protoeol which can early detect a femoral neck fracture for patients with a femoral shaft fracture. Methods From September 2005 to June 2007, a self-developed protocol was used to detect an ipsilateral femoral neck fracture for all the patients with femoral shaft fracture who had sought treatment in our department. This protocol consisted of anteroposterior plain radiography of internal rotator, intraoperative fluoroscopy of the hip, a fine (2 mm) cut computed to-mographic scan through the femoral neck, postoperative anteroposterior and lateral plain radiography of the hip in the operating room prior to awakening the patient, at the time of follow-up anteroposterior and lateral plain radiography of the hip in the presence of hip pain. The diagnostic effects of the protocol were compared with those of conventional diagnosis used for all the patients with femoral shaft fracture who had sought treatment in our department from September 2003 to August 2005. A chi-square analysis comparing the protocol group (September 2005 to June 2007) and the non-protocol group (September 2003 to August 2005) was used to assess the early and delayed diagnosis rates for an associated ipsilateral femoral neck fracture. Results The earlydiagnosis rate of an associated femoral neck fracture by the protocol was 93.8%, markedly higher than that by conventional method (46.2%), with statistically significant difference (χ2 = 4.069, P =0.044). Conclu-sion In presence of a femoral shaft fracture. this protocol consisting of plain radiography of intemal rotator, intraoperative fluoroscopy of the hip, fine cut computed tomographic scan of the femoral neck, postoperative plain radiography of the hip, and follow-up plain radiography of the hip in the presence of hip pain, may sig-nificantly improve the diagnostic rate of an associated femoral neck fracture.     

提高股骨干骨折合并同侧股骨颈骨折早期诊断率的前瞻性研究

Objective To evaluate a serf-designed diagnostic protoeol which can early detect a femoral neck fracture for patients with a femoral shaft fracture. Methods From September 2005 to June 2007, a self-developed protocol was used to detect an ipsilateral femoral neck fracture for all the patients with femoral shaft fracture who had sought treatment in our department. This protocol consisted of anteroposterior plain radiography of internal rotator, intraoperative fluoroscopy of the hip, a fine (2 mm) cut computed to-mographic scan through the femoral neck, postoperative anteroposterior and lateral plain radiography of the hip in the operating room prior to awakening the patient, at the time of follow-up anteroposterior and lateral plain radiography of the hip in the presence of hip pain. The diagnostic effects of the protocol were compared with those of conventional diagnosis used for all the patients with femoral shaft fracture who had sought treatment in our department from September 2003 to August 2005. A chi-square analysis comparing the protocol group (September 2005 to June 2007) and the non-protocol group (September 2003 to August 2005) was used to assess the early and delayed diagnosis rates for an associated ipsilateral femoral neck fracture. Results The earlydiagnosis rate of an associated femoral neck fracture by the protocol was 93.8%, markedly higher than that by conventional method (46.2%), with statistically significant difference (χ2 = 4.069, P =0.044). Conclu-sion In presence of a femoral shaft fracture. this protocol consisting of plain radiography of intemal rotator, intraoperative fluoroscopy of the hip, fine cut computed tomographic scan of the femoral neck, postoperative plain radiography of the hip, and follow-up plain radiography of the hip in the presence of hip pain, may sig-nificantly improve the diagnostic rate of an associated femoral neck fracture.     

提高股骨干骨折合并同侧股骨颈骨折早期诊断率的前瞻性研究

Objective To evaluate a serf-designed diagnostic protoeol which can early detect a femoral neck fracture for patients with a femoral shaft fracture. Methods From September 2005 to June 2007, a self-developed protocol was used to detect an ipsilateral femoral neck fracture for all the patients with femoral shaft fracture who had sought treatment in our department. This protocol consisted of anteroposterior plain radiography of internal rotator, intraoperative fluoroscopy of the hip, a fine (2 mm) cut computed to-mographic scan through the femoral neck, postoperative anteroposterior and lateral plain radiography of the hip in the operating room prior to awakening the patient, at the time of follow-up anteroposterior and lateral plain radiography of the hip in the presence of hip pain. The diagnostic effects of the protocol were compared with those of conventional diagnosis used for all the patients with femoral shaft fracture who had sought treatment in our department from September 2003 to August 2005. A chi-square analysis comparing the protocol group (September 2005 to June 2007) and the non-protocol group (September 2003 to August 2005) was used to assess the early and delayed diagnosis rates for an associated ipsilateral femoral neck fracture. Results The earlydiagnosis rate of an associated femoral neck fracture by the protocol was 93.8%, markedly higher than that by conventional method (46.2%), with statistically significant difference (χ2 = 4.069, P =0.044). Conclu-sion In presence of a femoral shaft fracture. this protocol consisting of plain radiography of intemal rotator, intraoperative fluoroscopy of the hip, fine cut computed tomographic scan of the femoral neck, postoperative plain radiography of the hip, and follow-up plain radiography of the hip in the presence of hip pain, may sig-nificantly improve the diagnostic rate of an associated femoral neck fracture.     

Location and classification of popliteus tendon’s origin: cadaveric study

Background  

In posterolateral insufficiency, many investigators have proposed a lateral tunnel for PT reconstruction. Although they were usually located at the anterior and proximal to the lateral femoral epicondyle, there are still controversies regarding the exact location of PT tunnel. The aim of the present study was to describe our novel findings of femoral attachment of popliteus tendon (PT) and lateral collateral ligament (LCL) and to present an adequate femoral tunnel site, based on the cadaver dissection.     

Posterolateral corner anatomy and its anatomical reconstruction with single fibula and double femoral sling method: anatomical study and surgical technique

This paper reports a novel method for reconstructing the posterolateral structures [lateral collateral ligament (LCL), popliteus tendon, popliteofibular ligament] based on an anatomical study of a cadaveric dissection. The popliteus tendon was found to always be attached to the anterior–inferior portion of the femoral attachment site of the LCL, and the average distance from the origin of the popliteal tendon in the femoral side to that of the LCL was 18.5 mm (17–20). The insertion site of the LCL in the fibular side was located anterior–inferior-superficially and the popliteofibular ligament was inserted into the posterior–superior-deep portion around the styloid process. Two femoral tunnels and one fibular head tunnel were made at the proximal and distal portion of the anatomical insertion sites.     

Measurement of distance between femoral insertion of fibular collateral ligament and popliteus tendon: A magnetic resonance imaging based study

BackgroundFibular collateral ligament (FCL), popliteus tendon (PT) and popliteofibular ligament are key components of posterolateral corner (PLC) of the knee. These structures play a vital role in stabilizing the knee against varus and external rotation. The Anatomical location of these structures should be well understood for adequate reconstruction of PLC injuries.Purpose of our study is to measure mean distance between femoral insertion of FCL and PT; femoral medio-lateral dimension (MLD) and antero-posterior dimension (APD) of lateral femoral condyle on Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) images and its relevance to anatomical reconstruction of PLC injuries of knee.MethodsThe knee MRI data of 68 patients (43 males and 25 females) were studied. Measurement of PT-FCL distance was done in sagittal proton density fat-saturated (PDFS) sequence images. The femoral MLD and APD were measured in axial PDFS sequence images. The mean of each parameter was calculated and analyzed. To identify inter-observer agreement, we calculated Intra-Class Correlation Coefficient (ICC) for each parameter.ResultsThe mean PT-FCL distance was 16.85 ± 1.55 mm (range 12.9–21.2 mm). In our observation, PT always inserts anteriorly and distally to FCL insertion on the lateral femoral condyle. The mean MLD was 78.74 ± 5.84 mm (range 65–90 mm). The Mean APD of the lateral femoral condyle was 60.47 ± 4.00 mm (range 52.5–69.5 mm). The difference between the mean values of all the above parameters in both genders was statistically significant (p-value <0.05). Inter-observer agreement was very good for measurement of PT-FCL distance (ICC 0.96), MLD (ICC 0.98) and APD (ICC 0.97).ConclusionThe mean distance between femoral insertion of FCL and PT in our study was less in comparison to most of the western literature. However, despite this anatomical variation, the method of PLC reconstruction proposed in western literature can be safely advocated in the Indian population as well.     

膝关节前交叉韧带前内束和后外束股骨止点位置的解剖研究

目的探讨膝关节前交叉韧带（ACL）前内束及后外束股骨止点的解剖位置,找到确定ACL前内束和后外束股骨止点的简单可行的方法,为双束重建ACL手术中的股骨骨道定位提供理论支持。方法解剖18个新鲜膝关节标本（25～45岁）的股骨端前内束和后外束的足迹,以标定前内束和后外束股骨止点中心点的位置。在屈膝90°位,测量ACL前内束及后外束股骨止点中心点距股骨髁间窝外侧壁前方、后方和下方软骨缘的距离。再对测量数据进行评估和对比。结果 ACL后外束股骨止点中心点距离股骨前方软骨缘（8.55±1.33）mm,距离股骨后方软骨缘（8.65±1.54）mm,二者间无统计学差异（t=-0.191,P〉0.05）;而ACL后外束股骨止点中心点距离股骨下方软骨缘（5.11±0.79）mm。ACL前内束股骨止点中心点距离股骨前方软骨缘（14.95±2.06）mm,距离股骨后方软骨缘（6.08±0.88）mm,二者间有统计学差异（t=16.633,P〈0.01）;而ACL前内束股骨止点中心点距离股骨下方软骨缘（9.10±1.55）mm。结论膝关节屈膝90°时,ACL后外束的股骨止点中心点位于股骨髁间窝外侧壁距离下方软骨缘5mm的高度,并处在与前方和后方软骨缘几乎等距的位置。而ACL前内束的股骨止点中心点位于股骨髁间窝外侧壁距离下方软骨缘9mm的高度,并处在前后连线大约后1/3的位置。在ACL双束重建的手术中,应用本研究的结果能够简单、快捷地确定ACL前内束和后外束股骨骨道位置。     

Surgical treatment of iliotibial band friction syndrome with the mesh technique

Iliotibial band friction syndrome is an overuse injury caused by repetitive friction of the iliotibial band across the lateral femoral epicondyle. It has been reported to afflict long-distance runners, cyclists and military personnel. Initial treatments include rest, anti-inflammatory medication, modalities (ice or heat), stretching, physical therapy, and possibly a corticosteroid injection. If the conservative treatment is unsuccessful, surgery has been advocated. This report describes a new surgical technique to release the pressure on the lateral femoral epicondyle in a patient who failed the nonoperative efforts. The surgery was performed with the knee held in 30 degrees of flexion and consisted of multiple 2 mm long incisions across the fiber of the iliotibial band covering the lateral femoral epicondyle. There were six incisions, each of which was 4 mm apart. The incisions were spontaneously enlarged and changed to several punctured wounds (mesh appearance) by the tension of iliotibial band, resulted in relaxing the tight iliotibial band over the lateral femoral epicondyle. At the final follow-up 2 years after surgery the patient was pain free and could resume his previous occupational activities. The surgical result of the present technique is encouraging.     

前交叉韧带损伤对膝关节侧副韧带影响的运动还原在体稳定性研究

目的 对前交叉韧带(ACL)损伤膝关节侧副韧带长度变化进行运动还原在体稳定性研究.方法 2008年1月至6月收治8例单侧膝关节ACL断裂而对侧膝关节止常的患者,男6例,女2例;平均年龄25.3岁;在生理负重膝关节屈曲0°、15°、30°、60°和90°时采集相互垂直的二维(2D)图像,与三维CT(3D)图像在虚拟X线投射系统进行2D/3D图像配准,还原膝关节不同角度时股骨和胫骨的相对三维位置关系,并通过韧带止点还原的方法对内侧副韧带(MCL)、外侧副韧带(LCL)进行韧带长度分析,对比两侧膝关节侧副韧带的长度差异.结果 ACL损伤后在0°、15°和30°患膝MCL长度分别为(40.16±1.63)、(39.11±1.77)、(37.86±1.84)mm,健膝分别为(38.17±1.40)、(37.63±1.37)、(36.60±1.86)mm,健、患膝比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);ACL损伤后在0°、15°和30°患膝LCL长度分别为(50.23±1.18)、(50.30±1.68)、(49.26±1.67)mm,健膝分别为(52.56±1.64)、(52.30±1.48)、(51.83±1.77)mm,健、患膝比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).ACL损伤后60°和90°健、患膝MCL、LCL长度差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 通过2D/3D图像配准技术可以实现膝火节的运动还原并获得ACL损伤后生理屈曲过程中MCL和LCL的长度变化规律.在0°、15°和30°,ACL损伤后患膝MCL长度较健膝增加,而LCL长度较健膝缩短.     

后十字韧带单束重建联合小切口切开腘腓韧带重建治疗严重膝关节不稳定

目的 评估后十字韧带(posterior cmciate ligament,PCL)单束重建联合小切口切开腘腓韧带(popliteofibular ligament,PFL)重建治疗严重的膝关节后向和后外旋转不稳定的临床结果.方法 自2003年7月至2007年4月,共有28例连续的患者接受关节镜下PCL单束重建联合小切口切开PFL重建手术.人选条件:所有患者均为严重的膝关节不稳定,后抽屉试验为3~+或以上,胫骨后移程度与健侧相比≥12mm,胫骨外旋程度大于健侧10°以上,同时不合并外侧副韧带的损伤.入选的患者接受关节镜下单束PCL重建,使用异体跟腱作为移植物.在膝关节外侧通过两个小切口切开,使用异体胫前肌腱重建PFL.股骨侧切口位于股骨外上髁,长度为2cm;腓骨侧切口位于腓骨头,长度为3 cm.结果 术后平均随访时间为39.7个月.使用膝关节应力像评估后向稳定性,胫骨后移程度(患侧与健侧的差值)由术前(17.7±4.5)mm减小为术后(4.5±3.9)mm,胫骨外旋程度(患侧与健侧的差值)由术前16.0°±4.7°减小为术后-2.8°±6.4°,术前与术后的差异有统计学意义.IKDC评分:术前28例均为D级,术后A级为10例,B级9例,C级8例和1例D级.结论 关节镜下PCL单束重建联合使用小切口切开PFL重建能够有效地改善膝关节后向和后外旋转不稳定.     

Arthroscopic anatomy of the lateral elbow: A comparison of three portals

Ten fresh cadaveric elbows were used to evaluate the proximity of the radial nerve and its branches to three anterolateral portals. A proximal anterolateral portal used routinely at our institution and located 2 cm proximal and 1 cm anterior to the lateral epicondyle was compared with the distal anterolateral portal described by Andrews and with a mid-anterolateral portal. The three portals were initially established without joint distention while the elbows were flexed 90°. Measurements were then obtained with and without joint distention at flexion angles of 0° and 90°. The radial nerve was found to be an average distance of 3.8 mm at extension and 7.2 mm at 90° of flexion from the distal anterolateral portal, located 3 cm distal and 1 cm anterior to the lateral epicondyle. Conversely, the distance between the proximal anterolateral portal cannula and the nerve was statistically greater (p < 0.05), averaging 7.9 mm in extension and 13.7 mm in flexion. The remaining anterolateral portal, located 1 cm directly anterior to the lateral epicondyle, was found to be at a statistically greater average distance from the nerve than was the distal anterolateral portal but statistically closer than was the more proximal portal. The ability to visualize the joint arthroscopically was assessed using the three portals, and although the ulnohumeral joint could be adequately seen using all portals, radiohumeral joint visualization was most complete and technically easiest using the most proximal portal. The proximal anterolateral portal, used in >100 elbow anthroscopies without evidence of radial nerve injury, is recommended for use as the standard lateral access site, allowing excellent visualization while maximizing the distance from the radial nerve throughout the elbow's range of motion.     

虚拟手术系统支持下置入寰椎侧块螺钉的实验研究

目的:建立虚拟手术系统支持下经寰椎侧块内固定的标准体系及操作流程,探讨在其支持下置入寰椎侧块螺钉的可行性及准确性。方法:选取8例成年无破损和畸形的寰椎(C1)防腐头颈标本,CT扫描后,数据导入虚拟手术系统进行三维重建和螺旋CT多平面重建(MPR),测量寰椎侧块数据;选择侧块与后弓根部下方交界区和横突孔的内侧缘与寰椎后弓内侧壁中点为进钉点,分别测量横突孔的内侧缘与寰椎后弓内侧壁的距离(L1),进钉点与侧块前缘最高点的距离(L2),进钉点与侧块前缘的垂直距离(L3),进钉点的垂线与寰椎侧块上缘切线的角度(α),进钉点垂线与横突孔内侧缘切线的角度(β),进钉点垂线与侧块内侧缘切线的角度(γ),并计算内斜角度[δ=(β+γ)/2-β]。左右两侧均测量3次,取其均值,进行统计学分析。根据虚拟手术系统测量结果,在标本上模拟手术置入寰椎侧块螺钉,然后虚拟手术系统进行重建,测量置钉准确性。结果:建立了虚拟手术系统手术流程,虚拟手术系统测量寰椎侧块相关参数L1左侧为9.82±0.76mm,右侧为9.16±0.85mm;L2左侧为21.76±1.36mm,右侧为21.50±1.02mm;L3左侧为17.78±1.67mm,右侧为18.22±1.60mm;α左侧为36.78°±1.23°,右侧为35.78°±2.40°;β左侧为18.84°±1.80°,右侧为18.40°±1.71°;γ左侧为31.49°±0.60°,右侧为30.46°±1.56°;δ左侧为6.32°±1.08°,右侧为6.25°±1.11°;经统计学分析,左右侧测量值均无统计学差异(P>0.05)。尸体标本置钉16枚,全部位于侧块内,未伤及毗邻组织。结论:虚拟手术系统支持下置入寰枢椎侧块螺钉可行且准确性高。