脑卒中伴吞咽障碍患者早期康复护理干预

目的：探讨早期康复护理对脑卒中合并吞咽困难患者吞咽功能预后的影响。方法选择60例脑卒中合并吞咽困难患者,随机分为观察组和对照组,两组均给予内科常规治疗,观察组采用早期康复护理干预,对照组采用常规护理。结果6个月后两组洼田饮水实验评分比较,P<0.05,差异有显著性意义;两组临床疗效总有效率比较,P<0.05,两组比较差异有显著性意义(P<0.05);两组营养状况比较,观察组治疗前后比较,<0.05,观察组治疗后与对照组治疗后比较,<0.05,比较差异有显著性意义(P<0.05)。结论对脑卒中合并吞咽困难患者采用早期康复护理,可促进吞咽功能的重建与恢复,改善了机体的营养状况。     

137例护理干预用于病毒性心肌炎患者的临床观察

目的观察护理干预用于病毒性心肌炎的临床效果。方法将231例慢性支气管炎患者随机分为干预组137例与对照组94例。两组均给予相关对症治疗,干预组在此基础上给予护理干预。观察两组护理前后生活能力和生活质量评分及护理满意度情况。结果护理后,两组生活能力评分均增高,且干预组高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组生活质量评分均降低,且干预组低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);干预组护理满意度高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论护理干预用于病毒性心肌炎患者可明显改善患者生活质量,提高患者生活能力和护理满意度的,值得临床推广应用。     

高血压性脑出血护理体会

目的探讨高血压性脑出血患者的护理效果。方法选取2012年1月~2014年9月我院收治的高血压性脑出血患者76例作为研究对象。按照随机数字表法,把所有患者均分为观察组(38例)和对照组(38例)。对照组患者进行基本护理,包括环境护理、用药指导、生命体征监测等。观察组患者在对照组护理的基础上,进行整体护理。包括心理护理、血压控制、口腔护理、褥疮护理、饮食护理。观察两组患者病情治疗总有效率、生活质量评分变化情况等指标。结果观察组患者治疗总有效率为86.84%,对照组为44.74%,两组比较,观察组高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。干预前,两组患者生活质量评分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);干预后,两组患者生活质量评分均高于同组干预前,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组患者生活质量评分高于对照组,两组比较,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论对高血压性脑出血患者进行整体护理,可有效提高治疗总有效率,改善患者生活质量评分情况,值得临床推广。     

脑梗死并发糖尿病护理体会

目的探讨脑梗死并发糖尿病的护理效果。方法选取2011年1月~2014年8月我院收治的脑梗死合并糖尿病患者78例作为研究对象。按照随机数字表法将患者均分为观察组和对照组,每组39例。两组患者均进行常规对症治疗。对照组患者进行常规护理,缓解患者病情,包括病情观察、血糖监测、血压监测等。观察组患者在对照组护理的基础上,进行综合护理干预。具体包括局部皮肤护理、偏瘫护理、心理护理等。观察患者临床疗效、NIHSS评分、ADL评分变化情况。结果观察组临床总有效率为97.44%,对照组为71.79%,观察组高于对照组,两组比较,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗前,两组NIHSS评分、ADL评分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗后,观察组NIHSS评分、ADL评分均高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后,两组NIHSS评分、ADL评分均高于同组治疗前,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论对脑梗死并发糖尿病患者进行整体综合护理,可提高临床疗效,改善患者生活能力、活动能力评分,值得临床推广。     

护理干预对骨折患者术后焦虑及疼痛的影响分析

目的探讨护理干预应用在骨折患者中对术后焦虑和疼痛的影响及应用效果。方法选择我院手术治疗的骨折患者152例作为研究对象,采取随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组,每组各76例,对照组给予骨科常规护理,观察组采用综合护理干预措施,观察两组护理效果。结果观察组患者护理后焦虑和抑郁情绪改善的幅度优于对照组,组间对比经统计学分析,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组患者术后疼痛评分、护理满意度、住院时间均短于对照组,经统计学分析比较,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论采用综合护理干预措施应用在骨折患者中可以减轻患者焦虑和抑郁等负性情绪,减轻术后疼痛程度,提高临床护理满意度,缩短住院时间,值得在临床上大力推广使用。     

全程系统化护理干预对慢性前列腺炎治疗依从性的影响

目的 探讨全程系统化护理干预对慢性前列腺炎(CP)治疗依从性的影响.方法 100例确诊为慢性前列腺炎的患者,随机分为对照组和观察组,对照组给予常规护理;观察组接受常规护理外,同时给予全程系统化护理干预(认知干预、心理干预、行为干预).护理干预前后用CP症状积分指数表(NIH-CPSI)、自制的病人健康行为问卷调查表、自制的病人治疗依从性问卷调查表进行评价,比较两组患者治疗依从性.结果 两组干预前后的CP症状评分、焦虑情绪均有改善.观察组在"疼痛不适"、"生活质量"、"焦虑评分"、"健康行为"、"治疗依从性"改善明显,与对照组比较具有显著性差异(P<0.05).结论 全程系统化护理干预能帮助患者知晓CP的相关知识,改善认知态度,选择有益的生活方式,坚持遵医嘱用药、体查,从而提高CP患者的治疗依从性,提高治疗有效率,最终达到提高CP患者的生活质量.     

健康教育应用于白血病护理中的临床效果及可行性分析

目的探讨健康教育应用于白血病护理中的临床效果及可行性。方法选取在我院接诊的50例白血病患者作为研究对象,并将其随机性分为观察组和对照组,每组有25例患者,其中对照组患者接受常规护理,观察组患者在常规护理的基础上接受健康教育护理,对两组患者的临床护理效果进行观察,比较两组患者的生活质量评分和护理满意度。结果观察组患者的生活质量评分高于对照组,组间比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组患者的护理满意度高于对照组,组间比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论在白血病的临床护理过程中,健康教育护理取得了较好的临床效果,具有可行性。     

认知行为疗法联合护理干预在体外受精胚胎移植术孕妇早孕期的应用

目的探讨认知行为疗法联合护理干预在体外受精胚胎移植术孕妇早孕期的临床应用效果。方法选择2011年1月-2012年1月在我院进行体外授精胚胎移植术的120例患者,随机分为两组,对照组患者进行常规护理,实验组在常规护理的基础上进行认知行为疗法及护理干预,比较两组患者的临床应用效果。结果实验组患者受精率、总胚胎数及妊娠率均明显高于对照组患者,两组间差异具有显著性(χ2=4.357;5.208;6.009;P0.05);实验组患者的焦虑值、收缩压、舒张压及脉搏明显低于对照组,两组间差异均具有显著性(t=-6.293;-4.678;-4.489;-3.334;P0.05)。结论认知行为疗法及护理干预体外受精胚胎移植术孕妇早孕期的临床应用效果较好,可明显提高患者的受精率及妊娠率,且可改善患者的焦虑状态,临床应用价值较高。     

预防性护理模式在乙肝病毒感染患者围术期的应用

目的：研究乙肝病毒感染患者围术期采用预防性护理干预的临床效果。方法：选取2013年3月至2015年3月在本院行手术治疗的乙肝病毒感染患者146例,随机将其分为对照组与观察组各73例,对照组患者围术期仅开展常规护理干预,观察组患者围术期均给予预防性护理模式。分别比较两组患者围术期抗病毒治疗的临床依从性、术后生活质量以及手术室消毒质量,并分析预防性护理模式的临床应用价值。结果：观察组患者临床治疗依从性显著好于对照组(P<0.05),其躯体健康、精神健康、睡眠质量及社会功能等生活质量评分明显好于对照组(P<0.05)。同时,观察组护士对乙肝病毒感染的预防认知评分与防护质量评分均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论：乙肝病毒感染患者围术期采用预防性护理模式可良好改善患者基本状态与临床依从性。     

心理护理干预对门诊输液患者静脉输液效果的影响

目的 探讨心理护理干预在门诊输液患者静脉输液中应用的临床效果.方法 选取我院2013年1月～2014年5月于门诊治疗需输液患者240例,随机分为两组,每组120例,观察组给予心理护理干预,而对照组给予传统护理,比较两组护理后各项满意度评分、总满意率、穿刺一次成功率以及依从性情况.结果 观察组输液室管理满意度评分、操作技能满意度评分、健康教育满意度评分、疼痛程度满意度评分均显著高于对照组,差异均具有统计学意义(P＜0.05);观察组总满意率、穿刺一次成功率、依从性均高于对照组,差异均具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 心理护理干预在门诊输液患者静脉输液中应用临床效果较好,患者满意度好,适合广泛推广.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA genes in Amerindians from Mexico San Vicente Tancuayalab Teenek/Huastecos

Huastecos or Teenek Amerindians are presently living at North East Mexico (San Luis Potosi State). They have probably one of the most ancient culture of Mexico and Central America together with Mayas and Olmec groups with which also show close relationships. Proximity to Atlantic Ocean/Mexican Gulf originated that Spaniards had very early contact with them at about 1519 CE or before. In the present paper we have aimed to study HLA gene profile which may be useful for HLA and disease epidemiology and transplant programs in Teeneks. HLA-DRB1*04:07, -DRB1*14:06 and -DRB1*04:11 have been found in high frequency like in other Amerindian groups. High frequency typical Amerindians HLA extended haplotypes have been found, such as A*02-B*35-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; A*68-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 and A*02-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; also new haplotypes have been described, like A*02-B*52-DRB1*04:11-DQB1*03:02, A*68-B*35-DRB1*14:02-DQB1*03:01 and A*68-B*40-DRB1*16:02-DQB1*03:01. Genetic proximity is observed not only to linguistically close Mayans, but also to Mazatecans, Mixtecans and Zapotecans, who speak an altogether different languages; it shows once more that genes and languages do not correlate. This population was greatly diminished after European contact between 1500 and 1600 years CE; in fact, North and South America First Inhabitants population was brought from 80 down to 8 million people because of diseases (i.e.: measles, smallpox or influenza), slavery and war.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.