扩大额下硬膜外入路治疗外伤性脑脊液鼻漏

目的 探讨外伤性脑脊液鼻漏的手术方法。方法 对14例创伤性脑脊液鼻漏采用扩大额下硬膜外入路修补治疗。用CT、MRI、CT脑池造影进行术前瘘口定位。结果 本组14例随访3个月—3年。除8例嗅觉丧失或减退外，无严重并发症，无手术死亡。结论 扩大额下硬膜外入路适用于脑脊液鼻漏的修补，手术安全，并发症少，疗效满意。     

神经导航辅助内镜经鼻修补外伤性脑脊液鼻漏

目的 探讨神经导航辅助内镜经鼻入路修补外伤性脑脊液鼻漏的方法 与效果。方法 回顾性分析2021年6月至2022年9月于本院行神经导航辅助内镜经鼻入路修补外伤性脑脊液鼻漏的6例患者，观察患者的手术效果和手术并发症。结果 6例患者术中共发现8处脑脊液漏漏口均顺利修补。术后随访3～9个月，所有患者脑脊液鼻漏均治愈，无手术相关并发症。手术神经内镜下操作时间52 min至2h23 min，平均（72±28） min。结论 神经导航辅助内镜经鼻入路修补外伤性脑脊液鼻漏手术效果确切，创伤小，值得临床推广应用。     

脑脊液鼻漏的治疗——附82例报告

目的　总结脑脊液鼻漏的诊治经验。方法　回顾分析１９９５年—１９９９年８２例脑脊液鼻漏的临床资料，男６１例，女２１例。年龄２岁—８２岁。颅脑外伤性脑脊液鼻漏４３例；医源性（鞍区术后）脑脊液鼻漏１８例：自发性脑脊液鼻漏２１例。结果　３６例手术修补，脑脊液总封闭率８６．１１％，其中耳鼻喉科修补，成功率９２％（２３／２５例），神经科开颅修补１１例，成功率７２．７％（８／１１例）。结论：脑脊液鼻漏颅外进路修补疗效良好，特别是经鼻内窥镜修补。     

经鼻内镜修补脑脊液鼻漏病人的护理

总结13例脑脊液鼻漏单鼻内镜下入路修补术的护理.提出术前、术后均应加强生命体征及脑脊液鼻漏的观察,并做好饮食及恢复期护理.     

鼻内窥镜下脑脊液鼻漏修补术

脑脊液鼻漏是由于脑膜破裂,脑脊液自颅骨生理或病理的缝隙、缺损进入鼻腔或鼻窦的疾病,往,主继发颅内感染而危及生命。近年来鼻内窥镜技术的发展,范围已经拓展至鼻神经外科领域。本应用鼻内窥镜技术成功进行脑脊液鼻漏修补术2例,报告如下。     

EC耳脑胶修补外伤脑脊液鼻漏临床分析

目的总结EC耳脑胶在脑脊液鼻漏中的应用效果。方法对15例外伤性脑脊液鼻漏患者采用额底硬膜外入路,EC胶自体组织粘贴术,术前行颅底CT三维成形进行漏口定位。结果本组术后14例痊愈,1例术后1月发生脑积水,行脑室腹腔分流后痊愈。均获随访,时间3月～1年,无复发。结论应用EC耳脑胶修补外伤脑脊液鼻漏具有简便、安全、成功率高的特点,值得推广使用。     

腰大池持续引流治疗外伤性脑脊液鼻漏临床观察

目的观察腰大池持续引流治疗外伤性脑脊液鼻漏的疗效。方法对2012年5月至2014年5月经持续腰大池引流治疗的26例脑外伤后脑脊液鼻漏患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 22例(84.62%)患者脑脊液鼻漏完全治愈;1例(3.85%)脑脊液鼻漏停止3月后复发于耳鼻喉科行鼻内镜下手术修补后治愈;2例(7.69%)因脑脊液鼻漏未愈行开颅手术修补后治愈;1例(3.85%)因其它脑外伤后严重并发症死亡。结论应用腰大池持续引流治疗外伤性脑脊鼻漏是一种简便、有效、安全、经济的治疗方法。     

鼻内镜下脑脊液鼻漏修补及围手术期处理

目的 探讨鼻内镜下脑脊液鼻漏修补技巧及围手术期处理经验.方法 回顾性分析2005年4月～2011年1月脑脊液鼻漏26例,包括头部外伤12例,鼻息肉及筛窦囊肿手术误损伤颅底4例,鼻-颅底肿瘤切除6例,颅内手术颅底损伤3例,自发性1例.均在鼻内镜下用股外侧肌肌浆和阔筋膜修补,术后给予抗生素及降颅压等治疗.结果 随访6～24个月,平均10个月,23例一次修补成功,2例经二次修补成功,1例失败,总治愈率96％ (25/26).结论 鼻内镜下脑脊液鼻漏的修补手术应重视手术时机的选择以及围手术期管理和治疗,减少并发症发生,提高治愈率.     

经鼻内镜脑脊液鼻漏修补术

目的探讨鼻内镜下脑脊液鼻漏修补术的手术方法和治疗效果。方法2002年6月~2007年5月,对自发性脑脊液鼻漏14例和外伤性(包括医源性)脑脊液鼻漏28例,依据缺损部位位于额隐窝、筛顶及筛板、蝶窦顶或侧壁,在鼻内镜下采用不同方式显露漏口,修补材料包括鼻腔黏膜、颞肌肌筋膜、脂肪,修补物放置方法采用多层内置、外置或"浴缸塞"法。结果1次手术成功34例,首次成功率81.0%,2次成功4例,3次成功4例。首次修补成功率漏口≥10mm者(53.8%,7/13)明显低于漏口<10mm者(93.1%,27/29)(χ2=6.606,P=0.010)。术后并发症2例,1例为颅内感染,1例为脑积水,均治愈出院。42例随访6~36个月(平均14个月),无复发。结论鼻内镜下脑脊液鼻漏修补术是一种安全、有效和微创的手术方式,但并发症的预防和控制不容忽视。漏口大小对手术效果有影响,较大漏口(≥10mm)宜结合使用自体脂肪组织进行修补。     

创伤性脑脊液鼻漏的影像判断及手术策略

目的探讨创伤性脑脊液鼻漏诊断及手术方式的疗效。方法回顾分析2002-06—2011-01手术治疗的创伤性脑脊液鼻漏16例。术前常规行头颅平片、冠状头颅CT、三维头颅MRI检查,并根据影像检查判断漏口位置,根据漏口位置及大小决定手术方式,其中经颅脑脊液鼻漏修补11例,内镜辅助下经鼻修补5例。结果本组16例患者中1例术后出现颅内感染合并梗阻性脑积水,经抗感染后再行脑室腹腔分流术后治愈;1例术后2周死于原发性颅脑损伤;其余病例随访0.5～5 a,均未出现脑脊液鼻漏复发。结论根据影像检查判断漏口位置及大小,采取合适的手术方式进行脑脊液漏修补,手术成功率高,复发率低,并且安全、有效。     

Analysis of different surgical approaches for the treatment of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea.

The current treatment method for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea is surgical repair of the fistula. The aim of this study was to analyse different surgical approaches used for the treatment of CSF rhinorrhea regarding several preoperative and postoperative variables to determine the optimal method in these patients. Patients' charts were retrospectively reviewed to get the required data. Twenty-six patients who underwent different types of surgical approach for the treatment of CSF rhinorrhea were included in the study. Patients who had extensive comminuted fractures of the anterior cranial base and additional brain injury besides CSF rhinorrhea, mostly as a result of gunshot injuries, underwent craniotomy (n = 14). Osteoplastic frontal sinusotomy was used in two patients with a dural defect located at the posterior wall of the frontal sinus. Uncomplicated CSF fistulas in ten patients, located at the anterior and posterior ethmoid roof and in the sphenoid sinus, were closed with an endonasal endoscopic approach. Postoperative success rate was higher (97 % for intracranial approach, 100 % for extracranial external and endonasal endoscopic approach) for all techniques. Anosmia was the most frequent permanent complication (n = 5), seen after craniotomy. In conclusion, endonasal endoscopic approach can be preferred for the closure of uncomplicated CSF fistula, located at the anterior or posterior ethmoid roof and in the sphenoid sinus, due to its minimal postoperative morbidity. Uncomplicated CSF fistula, located at the posterior wall of frontal sinuses can be repaired extradurally with osteoplastic frontal sinusotomy. Intracranial approaches should be reserved for more complicated CSF rhinorrhea which results from extensive comminuted fractures of the anterior cranial base and is accompanied with intracranial complications.     

Minimally Invasive Technique for Repairing CSF Leaks Due to Defects of Posterior Table of Frontal Sinus

Objective Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks from the frontoethmoid and sphenoid region can be easily dealt with endoscopic approaches, but CSF rhinorrhea due to frontal sinus fractures are difficult to treat solely by the nasal endoscopic approach and may require external repair. The technique described targets defects of the posterior table of the frontal sinus where conventional osteoplastic approach of obliteration is usually done. This technique is minimally invasive and involves repair using an endoscope via a frontal trephine. Methods We have treated five cases of traumatic CSF rhinorrhea with this technique, and the mean follow-up is 1 year (range: 10–14 months). The frontal sinus is opened by making a small stab incision (frontal trephine), and the defect site is localized by visualization via endoscope through the trephine. The repair is then performed with fat, bone graft, and fibrin glue. Results Closure of the defect was achieved in a single stage in all the patients, and none of them had a recurrence of leak in the 1-year follow-up period. Conclusion This is a good technique for superiorly and laterally placed posterior table defects of the frontal sinus with minimal morbidity and excellent closure rates.     

Endoscopic Endonasal Repair of Cerebrospinal Fluid Leakage Caused by a Rare Traumatic Clival Fracture

An 89-year-old male presented with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea associated with head trauma sustained as a pedestrian in a traffic accident. Computed tomography (CT) showed pneumocephalus and multiple cranial bone fractures, including the clivus. Although the CSF rhinorrhea was treated conservatively for a week, clinical symptoms did not improve and surgical repair was performed. Preoperative thin-sliced bone CT and steady-state magnetic resonance images revealed a bone defect at the middle clivus and a collection of CSF fluid from the clival fistula in the sphenoid sinus. Endoscopic endonasal reconstruction was performed, and the 3-mm diameter dural tear and bone defect at the middle clivus were well visualized. The fistula was repaired using a pedicled nasoseptal mucosal flap. The CSF rhinorrhea completely disappeared as a result of the endoscopic endonasal surgery. The present report describes a rare case of CSF rhinorrhea caused by a traumatic clival fracture and surgical management by endoscopic endonasal surgery.     

Management of sphenoid sinus cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea: making use of an extended approach to the sphenoid sinus.

OBJECTIVES: Specific information addressing the management of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) fistulas that originate from within the sphenoid sinus remains scant. The objective of this study was to review the cause and management of CSF rhinorrhea arising from the sphenoid sinus. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: This is a retrospective chart review of 12 cases of CSF rhinorrhea arising from the sphenoid sinus that occurred in 11 patients. All patients were treated at a single institution between 1994 and 1999. RESULTS: All patients were managed surgically with sphenoid sinus fat obliteration using an endoscopic sublabial, transseptal approach. This approach was successful for all 12 cases, with median duration of follow-up of 18 months. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopically assisted transseptal repair of CSF fistulas that originate within the sphenoid sinus offers an alternate approach to previously described methods of repair in this region. Advantages include wide access to the entire sphenoid sinus, improved access to laterally pneumatized regions within the sphenoid sinus, and rostral mucosal closure over the repair within the sinus.     

Transpterygoid Trans-sphenoid Approach to the Lateral Extension of the Sphenoid Sinus to Repair a Spontaneous CSF Leak.

Objective and Importance: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) fistula from the middle cranial fossa into the sphenoid sinus is a rare condition. In the past, the treatment of choice has been closure via a craniotomy. Only few geriatric cases are known, which were successfully operated by endoscopic surgery. We present a further case of nontraumatic CSF fistula originating from the middle cranial fossa. A new endoscopic technique was applied. We discuss treatment options for this rare defect. Clinical Presentation: A 76-year-old patient presented with a 2-year history of rhinorrhea. High levels of beta-trace protein pointed to a diagnosis of CSF fistula. The defect was located at the anterior and inferior aspect of the pterygoid recess of the left sphenoid sinus. Intervention: The patient was operated using an endoscopic trans-sphenoidal approach. After endoscopic opening of the maxillary and sphenoid sinus, a complete posterior ethmoidectomy was performed. The medial part of the pterygoid process was removed, allowing endoscopic exposure and closure of the defect. At 1-year follow-up, the CSF fistula had not recurred and the patient had no sequel from the surgical procedure. Conclusion: In selected cases, this new endoscopic partial transpterygoid approach to the middle cranial fossa is recommended for surgical repair of CSF fistula involving the lateral extension of the sphenoid sinus. To our knowledge, ours is the oldest patient with this condition successfully operated by endoscopic means at the world's most northern university hospital.     

Purely endoscopic repair of traumatic cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea from the anterior skull base: case report

A 38-year-old woman presented with a case of post-traumatic ethmoidal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak that was repaired using a purely endoscopic endonasal approach. Six weeks after a mild domestic maxillofacial trauma, she started complaining of clear, watery discharge from the left nostril and headache. Neuroimaging investigations disclosed a linear fracture of the left anterior ethmoidal roof without evidence of large bony breaches or any brain tissue damage. After conservative medical treatment with carbonic anhydrase inhibitors failed, she was referred to our hospital for surgical repair of the osteodural defect. An endoscopic endonasal transethmoidal approach was successfully performed, and an overlay technique was used to reconstruct the defect. The patient was discharged without clinical evidence of CSF rhinorrhea and no leaks were apparent at the 3-month follow-up clinical and radiological examinations. Post-traumatic CSF rhinorrhea occurs in cases of dural tears associated with small bone breaks, most frequently involving the anterior skull base. Recovery is often spontaneous following only bed rest, or with medical treatments such as inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase diuretics, steroids, or eventually stool softeners to help reduce CSF pressure. Surgical repair is required when first-line conservative treatment proves ineffective. The present case shows that the endoscopic endonasal technique for the management of CSF leaks provides a less invasive surgical route to achieve valid dural repair.     

Transnasal Transsphenoidal Endoscopic Repair of CSF Leakage Using Multilayer Acellular Dermis.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks result from a communication between the subarachnoid space and the upper aerodigestive tract. Because of the risk of complications such as meningitis, brain abscess, and pneumocephalus, all persistent CSF leaks should be repaired. Surgical repair may be achieved transcranially or extracranially using a wide variety of autogenous, allogenic, and synthetic patching materials. We report our results with a transnasal transsphenoidal endoscopic approach for the repair of CSF leaks coupled with a multilayer closure using acellular dermis (Allodermtrade mark). We conducted a retrospective review of all patients presenting to our institution over the past 5 years with isolated sphenoid sinus CSF fistulas. Results: Twenty-one patients were included in the study. Nineteen patients (90.5%) had their sphenoid sinus CSF fistula repaired during the first attempt; 2 patients (9.5%) needed a second attempt. The multilayer repair of the CSF leak using acellular dermis via a transsphenoidal endoscopic approach is an effective and successful method of surgical repair of the fistula site. Neither the number, size, nor cause of the CSF fistula affected surgical outcomes. However, the presence of hydrocephalus was a significant negative variable, altering the surgical outcomes of our patients. The acellular dermis offers the advantage of not requiring autogenous tissue for the effective repair of CSF leaks in the sphenoid sinus.     

Spontaneous intrasphenoidal encephalocele. Report of two cases revealed by rhinorrhea

We report two cases of spontaneous anteromedial temporo-sphenoidal meningo-encephalocele. The first patient was a 67-year-old man with a history of treated epiglotic cancer 6 years ago, was referred to us for CSF rhinorrhea. Lateral sphenoidal CSF fistula was confirmed by CT cisternography. Four lumbar taps were performed and rhinorrhea stopped for 2 years. At relapse of rhinorrhea, the patient was operated on via a subtemporal approach. The dural defect was filled by an intradural patch of pericranium. Four years later patient showed no evidence of cerebrospinal fluid leakage. The second patient was a 54-year-old woman referred to us after a one year history of CSF rhinorrhea. CT cisternography confirmed lateral sphenoidal CSF fistula. The patient was operated on via a subtemporal approach. The dural defect was filled by a patch of pericranium. Three years later the patient had no evidence of cerebrospinal fluid leakage. Twenty-one cases of anteromedial temporosphenoidal meningo-encephaloceles have been reported in the literature. They probably are of a developmental origin. Some cases have been successfully treated via a transsphenoidal route. However surgical failures related to this approach can be due to the lack of control of the lateral recess of the sphenoid sinus. Therefore, the frontotemporal approach seems more adequate but the transphenoidal endoscopic approach will probably be used in the future.     

A case of traumatic cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea manifested ten years after head injury

In patients with head injury, the total incidence of CSF rhinorrhea was 1 - 3%, and in almost all cases, CSF rhinorrhea occurred within the first three months after injury. We report here a case of a 26 year-old male with CSF rhinorrhea manifested with meningitis who had once been admitted to hospital 10 years previously with a head injury. He had a fracture which we thought had caused a CSF leakage in the left frontal skull base. After conservative treatment for a month we eventually undertook bifrontal craniotomy and repaired the cleft of the skull base with dura and fibrin. In cases in which CSF rhinorrhea had occurred more than 10 years after head injury, including several reports in Japan, surgical treatment had always been required. We think bifrontal craniotomy should be performed in such cases in which it is difficult to locate a cleft in the skull base before the operation. The field of view is wider during the intradural approach. To restore an area with a lack of dura, highly anti-infectionary convexity dura is used a lot, and it is also thought that fibrin is effective in dural repair. The dural deficient areas take 3 to 4 months to repair perfectly, and postoperative observation of the patient's progress is required.