微创小切口行股骨头置换治疗高龄股骨颈骨折临床观察

目的观察和评价后外侧小切口行股骨头置换治疗高龄（〉80岁）股骨颈骨折患者的临床效果。方法回顾性分析我院行股骨头置换的16例高龄老年人股骨颈骨折的临床资料。结果 16例中骨折位于左侧10例,右侧6例,Garder分型Ⅰ型骨折3例,Ⅱ型骨折4例,Ⅲ型骨折6例,Ⅳ型骨折3例。16例术后均随访,无感染、髋内翻、无髋关节脱位和假体松动及脏器损伤并发症发生;优8例,良5例,可3例。优良率81.3%（13/16）。结论微创后外侧小切口行股骨头置换治疗高龄股骨颈骨折患者能降低病死率和减少并发症,手术时间短,肢体功能恢复快,免去二次手术,能提高老年人生活质量,效果满意。     

高龄髋部骨折人工关节置换围术期处理

目的探讨高龄髋部骨折患者人工髋关节置换围术期处理方法。方法回顾性分析2007年2月～2011年4月118例80岁以上高龄髋部骨折患者应用外侧小切口前方入路人工髋关节置换的围术期处理措施。结果全部患者均安全度过手术期,围术期无死亡病例,术后发生各种早期并发症23例（19.49%）。术后1周内107例（90.68%）患侧下肢可完成直腿抬高运动,108例（91.53%）可以利用助行器下地行走活动。结论严格有效的围术期综合处理是高龄髋部骨折患者人工髋关节置换成功的基础和安全保障。     

后路微创人工股骨头置换治疗高龄股骨颈骨折80例疗效分析

目的：探讨后路微创人工股骨头置换治疗高龄股骨颈骨折的疗效。方法：2006年3月～2010年3月,对80例老年股骨颈骨折采用后路微创双极人工股骨头置换术治疗,生物型假体56例,骨水泥型24例。结果：手术切口长6.5～9.0cm,术中出血量为130～250ml,手术时间为50～90min,术后7d下床活动,平均住院时间为18d,按Harris髋部功能进行评分,优63例,良8例,可5例,优良率为93.4%。结论：后路微创人工股骨头置换治疗高龄股骨颈骨折具有切口小、出血少、恢复快等特点,正确处理并发症是手术成败的关健。     

微创人工股骨头置换治疗老年股骨颈骨折

目的：探讨微创人工股骨头置换治疗老年股骨颈骨折的临床效果和价值。方法：26例老年股骨颈骨折患者均采用Jones等的改良前外侧切口,行双极人工股骨头置换术。结果：平均随访29个月,其中1例于术后6个月死于心脏病,1例诉每天开始行走时患侧髋部稍感疼痛,活动开后症状消失;其余病例效果均满意,无明显不适。结论：只要掌握好适应证,用微创人工股骨头置换治疗老年股骨颈骨折是一种较好的选择。     

老年髋部骨折患者术后谵妄的影响因素分析

目的 探讨老年髋部骨折患者术后谵妄发生的影响因素。方法 回顾性分析124例老年髋部骨折患者的临床资料，采用临床衰弱量表和意识模糊评估法分别评估患者术前衰弱和术后谵妄的发生情况，采用多因素logistic回归分析影响老年髋部骨折术后谵妄发生的独立危险因素。结果 124例老年髋部骨折患者中，术后36例(29.03%)发生谵妄；患者年龄、高血压病史、脑梗死病史、术前白蛋白水平及衰弱均与术后谵妄发生有关(P<0.05或P<0.01)。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示，年龄≥75岁以及术前有衰弱、有脑梗死病史和高血压病史是老年髋部骨折患者术后谵妄发生的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论 老年髋部骨折患者术后谵妄发生率较高；高龄、术前有衰弱、高血压和脑梗死病史患者更容易发生术后谵妄。     

髋部骨折围术期的护理

目的探讨髋部骨折围术期的护理和康复功能训练,减少并发症,提高手术成功率。方法对56例髋部骨折患者进行围术期的整体护理和早期功能训练,出院后康复期训练指导,随诊3～24个月。结果 56例患者中,1例高龄有慢性支气管炎史并发肺炎,1例高龄女患者张力性尿失禁,经对症治疗后好转康复出院。其余均无并发症发生,其髋部畸形疼痛减轻,稳定性和运动功能恢复和改善。结论髋部骨折围术期的整体护理和正确康复功能训练,是可以预防并发症,恢复和改善关节功能,保护手术成功,提高患者生活质量的重要过程。     

人工关节置换术治疗老年髋部骨折效果观察

目的 探讨人工关节置换术治疗老年髋部骨折的相关问题.方法 对65例72岁以上老年髋部骨折采用人工髋关节置换治疗的资料进行回顾性分析.其中男25例,女40例;年龄72～99岁,平均78岁;股骨颈骨折48例,股骨转子间骨折17例;行人工全髋置换23例,单纯双极人工股骨头置换42例.结果 随访24～60个月,平均36个月,髋关节按Harris评分:优46例,良12例,差7例,总优良率89.3%.结论 采用人工髋关节置换术治疗老年人髋部骨折,卧床时间短,可早期下床功能锻炼,防止并发症的发生,术后髋关节功能恢复良好,有效提高了老年人术后生活质量.     

手术治疗高龄髋部骨折的围手术期并发症分析

目的分析高龄髋部骨折患者围手术期并发症发生情况以及发生并发症的原因,并探讨并发症预防措施。方法对2015年3月~2017年2月期间在我院接受手术治疗的131例高龄髋部骨折患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,统计患者围手术期并发症发生率,分析术前有合并症与术后发生并发症的关系,总结高龄髋部骨折患者术前、术后特点,制定针对性预防措施。结果 131例患者手术均获成功,切口甲级愈合,住院期间无死亡病例。共26例患者围手术期发生并发症,发生率为19.85%,其中肺部感染所占比例为38.46%,明显高于其他类型并发症(P<0.05)。术前有合并症患者的围手术期并发症发生率为22.86%,明显高于术前无合并症患者的7.69%(P<0.05)。结论高龄髋部骨折患者围手术期发生并发症的风险较大,术前有合并症是引发术后并发症的主要原因之一。对高龄髋部骨折患者围手术期特点进行分析,及时制定针对性预防措施是降低高龄髋部骨折患者围手术期并发症发生率、提高患者手术治疗安全性的关键。     

微创髋关节置换术治疗老年股骨颈骨折的效果分析

目的:探究微创髋关节置换术治疗老年股骨颈骨折的效果。方法:选取某院于2018年4月～2019年12月收治的73例股骨颈骨折的高龄患者,采用随机数表方法将其分为微创置换组及常规置换组。微创置换组36例采用微创髋关节置换术将假体植入老年骨质,常规置换组37例采用人工股骨头置换术,比较两组手术预后情况、髋关节功能评分、日本骨科协会评估治疗分数(JOA)及生活质量(SF-36)评分。结果:微创置换组在术后引流量、下床行走时间、出血量、切口长度、输血量明显优于常规置换组(P0.05);微创置换组在术后1周、3个月、6个月的髋关节功能评分都高于常规置换组(P0.05);微创置换组的JOA及SF-36评分显著高于常规置换组(P0.05)。结论:微创髋关节置换术对于高龄患者而言更具开展意义,可显著改善人工股骨头置换术出血量大、恢复时间长、关节功能改善不佳、生活质量差等问题。     

大转子的有效固定在高龄股骨粗隆间骨折人工关节置换术中应用

目的探讨大转子的有效固定在高龄粗隆间骨折人工股骨头置换术中的方法及疗效。方法采用张力带钢丝固定大转子＋人工股骨头置换治疗40例高龄股骨粗隆间骨折,对术后负重时间、住院时间、术后并发症作了6～20mon随访。结果术后平均第5天开始负重,平均住院时间14d,40例患者术后x线片显示大转子骨折复位并固定满意,假体位置均良好。随访6—20个月,无假体松动、下沉及骨折不愈合。髋关节功能Harris评分平均为94分,优34例,良4例,中2例,优良率为95％。结论采用张力带钢丝固定大转子＋人工股骨头置换治疗高龄股骨粗隆间骨折,可减少患者卧床时间,减少术后并发症,安全可靠,髋关节功能恢复良好,是治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折较为理想的方法。     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Polymorphisms in genes involved in neurotransmission in relation to smoking

Smoking behavior is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. The genetic contribution to smoking behavior is at least as great as its contribution to alcoholism. Much progress has been achieved in genomic research related to cigarette-smoking within recent years. Linkage studies indicate that there are several loci linked to smoking, and candidate genes that are related to neurotransmission have been examined. Possible associated genes include cytochrome P450 subfamily polypeptide 6 (CYP2A6), dopamine D₁, D₂, and D₄ receptors, dopamine transporter, and serotonin transporter genes. There are other important candidate genes but studies evaluating the link with smoking have not been reported. These include genes encoding the dopamine D₃ and D₅ receptors, serotonin receptors, tyrosine hydroxylase, trytophan 2,3-dioxygenase, opioid receptors, and cannabinoid receptors. Since smoking-related factors are extremely complex, studies of diverse populations and of many aspects of smoking behavior including initiation, maintenance, cessation, relapse, and influence of environmental factors are needed to identify smoking-associated genes. We now review genetic polymorphisms reported to be involved in neurotransmission in relation to smoking.     

Genotoxic effects of chlorophenoxy herbicide diclofop-methyl in mice in vivo and in human lymphocytes in vitro

Diclofop-methyl (DM) is a chlorophenoxy derivative used in large quantities for the control of annual grasses in grain and vegetable crops. In this study, the genotoxic effects of DM were investigated by measuring chromosomal aberrations (CAs) in mouse bone-marrow cells and CA and the comet assay in human peripheral lymphocytes. Mice were treated with 15.63, 31.25, 62.5, and 125?mg/kg body weight of DM intraperitoneally for 24 hours, and 15.63-, 31.25-, 62.5-, 125-, and 250-µg/mL concentrations were applied to human lymphocytes for both 24 and 48 hours. In in vivo treatments, DM significantly, but not dose dependently, increased the total chromosome aberrations, compared to both negative and solvent controls. Cell proliferation was significantly, but not dose dependently, affected by all doses. In in vitro treatments, DM (except 15.63 µg/mL) significantly and dose dependently increased the frequency of chromosome aberrations. Also, 250 µg/mL of 48-hour treatment was found to be toxic. Cell proliferation was significantly and dose dependently affected by DM applications, when compared to negative control. In in vitro treatments, DM significantly decreased the mitotic index only at the highest concentration for 24 hours, and 62.5- and 125-µg/mL concentrations for 48 hours. In the comet assay, a significant and dose-dependent increase in comet-tail intensity was observed at 62.5-, 125-, and 250-µg/mL concentrations. The mean comet-tail length was significantly increased in all concentrations. Our results demonstrate that DM is genotoxic in mammalian cells in vivo and in vitro.     

2010调脂治疗领域进展

2010年在调脂治疗领域针对他汀治疗心血管病的防治又进行了许多探索。本文通过综述他汀类药物的国际大规模临床试验结果,重新评价了他汀类药物在冠心病一级预防和冠心病二级预防中的地位,阐明了强化他汀治疗的意义;对他汀的心肾保护作用和安全性新证据进行了说明。     

Tramadol concentrations in blood and in cerebrospinal fluid in a neonate

Based on blood and cerebrospinal fluid samples collected in a full-term neonate, the penetration of tramadol in the central nervous system is described. Following intravenous administration of tramadol, a lag time of about 4 h was observed until full blood–brain equilibration was achieved. This pharmacokinetic observation is in line with a recent pharmacodynamic evaluation of the central opioid effects of tramadol in adults.