深静脉长期留置导管与动静脉内瘘在血液透析患者中的应用比较

目的比较深静脉长期留置导管与自体动静脉内瘘作为血管通路的透析充分性及并发症,探讨深静脉长期留置导管在血液透析中的意义。方法选择徐州市中心医院肾脏内科新建立长期留置导管患者24例（导管组）,新建立自体动静脉内瘘患者30例（内瘘组）,随访36-40个月,比较2组患者年龄、最大血流量及观察终点前1个月内射血分数（EF）、尿素清除指数（Kt／V）以及观察期间2组感染、血栓、死亡发生情况。结果导管组使用时间（30．2±7．0）个月,内瘘组使用时间（37．9±2．4）个月;导管组最大血流量、通路使用时间、Kt／V值均低于内瘘组,但差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;导管组年龄、EF值高于内瘘组,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;导管组感染率、血栓发生率及病死率均高于内瘘组（P〈0．05）。结论导管组与内瘘组均可达到充分透析,虽然导管组感染率和血栓发生率较高,深静脉长期导管仍为维持性血液透析患者建立血管通路的良好替代。     

血液净化患者行颈内静脉导管术的护理

目的探讨血液净化患者行颈内静脉导管术的护理方法。方法对80例血液净化颈内静脉导管术采用Seldinger法由颈内静脉插管患者，采用心理护理、预防感染、保证有效透析、预防各种并发症等护理措施。结果80例次均插管成功，血流量在200ml／min以上，留置时间为7d至3个月，平均41．0d。12例留置导管平均8．0d出现栓塞，更换导管并封存低分子肝素后，拔管时未再出现导管栓塞情况。结论颈内静脉是较佳的临时血管通路，导管封存低分子肝素对留置时间具有较大的临床意义，科学的护理在颈内静脉导管术中起到重要作用。     

股静脉与颈内静脉半永久双腔导管在血液透析中的应用

目的 :比较股静脉与颈内静脉半永久双腔导管在血液透析中的使用情况。方法 :采用前瞻性研究 ,将4 9例不能建立动静脉内瘘的患者分为两组 :颈内静脉组 31例 ,将半永久性双腔导管留置于颈内静脉 ;股静脉组19例 ,将半永久性双腔导管留置于股静脉。观察两组患者导管使用寿命、并发症、透析血流量及Kt/V值等指标。结果 :颈内静脉组导管使用寿命为 (387± 10 1)d ,而股静脉组为 (2 10± 88)d ,有统计学差异 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;颈内静脉组导管感染率、堵塞率明显低于股静脉组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;两组的透析血流量与Kt/V值无明显差异。结论 :对不能建立动静脉内瘘的患者 ,股静脉及颈内静脉半永久性双腔导管是较好的血管通路 ,颈内静脉优于股静脉。     

脉冲式封管法在静脉留置针输注营养液中的应用

目的 减少静脉输注营养液患者静脉留置针并发症，延长留置时间。方法 将180例采用留置针输注营养液患者随机分为三组各60例。分别采用5ml稀释肝素液脉冲式封管（观察组）、5ml稀释肝素液匀速推注封管（对照1组）、0．9％氯化钠注射液5ml脉冲式封管（对照2组）。结果 观察组较对照1组静脉炎发生率低、留置时间长（P〈0．05，P＜0．01）；较对照2组堵管发生率低，留置时间长（P〈0．05，P〈0．01）。结论 采用5ml稀释肝素液脉冲式封管效果最佳。     

尿激酶持续泵入治疗长期留置血液透析导管功能障碍

目的探讨大剂量尿激酶持续泵入联合低分子肝素治疗维持性血液透析患者留置导管功能障碍的临床疗效。方法选取有导管功能障碍的患者18例,分成常规尿激酶治疗组（A组）10例;大剂量尿激酶联合低分子肝素治疗组（B组）8例,前者按K／DOQI推荐的尿激酶溶栓方案进行处理,后者则采用大剂量尿激酶持续泵入溶栓治疗,并后续给予低分子肝素,观察2组患者留置导管溶栓后再通率、复通后血流量、凝血指标等。结果A组患者行溶栓治疗56例次,溶栓后导管再通率71．4％,复通后血流量（198±32）ml／min;B组患者行溶栓治疗32例次,溶栓后导管再通率100％,复通后血流量（252±28）ml／min,2组患者导管再通率和复通后血流量均有统计学差异（P〈0．05）。2组患者各凝血指标无显著差异（P〉0．05）。结论大剂量尿激酶持续泵入联合低分子肝素治疗维持性血液透析患者长期留置导管功能障碍,再通率高,安全性好。     

利用导丝经临时静脉导管置入涤纶环导管的临床评价

目的评价利用导丝经右颈内静脉临时导管置入涤纶环导管在维持性血液透析中的应用价值。方法观察22例次利用导丝经右颈内静脉临时导管置入涤纶环导管（A组）和24例次新穿刺右颈内静脉留置涤纶环导管（B组）的临床应用情况。结果A组和B组导管中位使用寿命分别为19、21个月,导管使用寿命生存曲线差异无统计学意义（χ^2=0．05,P=0．82）。A组和B组插管处皮肤感染的发生率分别为（O．13±0．01）、（0．15±0．02）次／100导管日,导管引起的全身感染发生率分别为（O．31±0．03）、（0．32±0．02）次／100导管日,组间比较差异无统计学意义;A组和B组插管时局部出血或血肿发生率[40．91％（9／22）比45．83％（11／24）]、使用导管透析时血流量[（230．53±28．27）ml／min比（238．71±25．94）ml／min]和导管血栓形成率[31．82％（7／22）比33．33％（8／24）]比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;两组均无纤维鞘形成和颈内静脉狭窄发生。结论利用导丝经右颈内静脉临时导管置入涤纶环导管可避免再次穿刺颈内静脉,同时不增加导管相关并发症,可作为留置涤纶环导管的一种方法。     

血液透析中心静脉置管出血性并发症的分析

目的回顾性分析血液透析患者临时中心静脉置管出血并发症发生的原因。方法回顾性分析471例接受临时中心静脉置管的血液透析患者资料，分析置管位置（颈内、锁骨下、股静脉）、置管后透析时机（即刻或隔日）、透析中抗凝方式（普通肝素、低分子量肝素和无肝素）与出血并发症的关系。结果①置管后即刻透析患者发生出血并发症的风险较隔日透析高（16．4％ vs 4．2％，P〈0．01）；②低分子量肝素抗凝较普通肝素抗凝出血少（5．2％ vs 13．8％，P〈0．01）。结论恰当的安排透析时机、选用合适的抗凝技术以可有效减少中心静脉置管患者出血并发症的发生。     

颈内静脉长期导管在血液透析中的效果评价

目的：探讨颈内静脉长期留置导管在血液透析中的应用效果.方法：选择我科2009年1月-2012年1月新入维持性血液透析患者80例,其中颈内静脉长期留置导管组40例,动静脉内瘘组40例,观察两组患者有效血流量（Qb）、尿素清除指数（KT/V）、尿素下降率（URR）及血红蛋白（Hb）、血浆白蛋白（Alb）、总蛋白（TP）、C-反应蛋白（CRP）等,同时记录两组患者1年内相关感染、血栓形成及其他并发症等情况.结果：两组患者透析过程中有效血流量（Qb）和透析后尿素清除指数（KT/V）、尿素氮下降率（URR）比较差异无统计学意义（P〈.05）,两组患者血红蛋白（Hb）、血浆白蛋白（Alb）、总蛋白（TP）、C-反应蛋白（CRP）比较差异无统计学意义（P〈0.05）,导管组在感染和血栓形成等并发症显著高于内瘘组（P〈0.05）.结论：颈内静脉长期留置导管在血液透析充分性及患者营养状态的比较与自体动静脉内瘘患者一致,虽然长期并发症较内瘘组高,但仍可为维持性血液透析患者血管通路的良好补充形式.     

46．7％枸橼酸钠用于血液透析患者长期留置导管封管

目的探讨46．7％枸橼酸钠溶液应用于长期留置导管行血液透析患者封管的效果。方法尿毒症维持透析长期留置导管患者61例,随机分为枸橼酸钠组（31例）和肝素组（30例）。枸橼酸钠组每次透析结束后以46．7％枸橼酸钠溶液按管腔容量封管,肝素组以肝素钠溶液（2mg／m1）封管,均连续使用6个月,比较两组导管功能、导管相关感染情况和药物不良反应。结果枸橼酸钠组导管功能不良和导管感染发生率显著低于肝素组（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）。枸橼酸钠组28例次（1．79％）用药后出现口唇麻木症状,8例次给予钙剂后缓解,余自行缓解。结论血液透析患者长期留置导管应用46．7％枸橼酸钠溶液封管能提高导管通畅率、降低导管相关感染率。不良反应轻微,适合长期使用。     

216例涤纶套深静脉留置导管应用回顾性分析

目的：探讨涤纶套深静脉留置导管血液透析的使用和退出原因。方法：分析置管方法与血流通畅情况,随访留置导管的使用和并发症,记录导管使用终点。结果：实施深静脉留置长期带涤纶套导管术216例,右颈内静脉置管209例,成功率96.8%,左侧颈内置管5例,2例经股静脉;导管使用期限：平均（15±13）个月,使用留置导管时间分别为：〉36月56例,〉24月75例,〉12月45例,〉6月25例,〈6个月15例（大部分在继续使用）,28例失访。观察导管使用终点105例,约占49.5%,导管退出时使用时间2～28月,平均（10±5）个月;退出原因：死亡52例,其余为感染拔管、血流不畅和肾移植。在导管使用终点,90.5%（95/105）的导管功能良好;导管透析充分性：151例患者的透析后尿素下降率平均70%,平均Kt/V达到1.45;与内瘘透析患者Kt/V=（1.51±0.30）比较,二者差异无统计学意义（P〈0.05）。左侧颈内静脉置管血流不畅发生率高;感染25例,治疗有效23例,无效拔管2例。结论：长期导管可以达到充分透析;长期导管使用人群主要是老年人、等待肾移植和多次内瘘失败者,良好的导管留置技术提高导管的有效使用,尽量采用右侧颈内静脉置管,良好的护理显著降低导管感染率。     

Use of a silicone catheter with a Dacron cuff for dialysis short-term vascular access

Polyurethane and Teflon subclavian vein catheters have been widely used for temporary vascular access for hemodialysis, but their use has been associated with a significant complication rate. A silicone dual-lumen catheter with a Dacron cuff placed in the internal jugular or subclavian vein was evaluated as a means of obtaining short-term vascular access. Sixty-two catheters in 54 patients provided a cumulative experience of 206 patient-months. Blood flow rates greater than or equal to 200 mL/min were achieved, with a mean recirculation of 2.1%. Catheter function was better with placement on the right side. Exit-site infections developed in nine patients, for a rate of 5.3 episodes per 100 patient-months; all resolved with antibiotics. Catheter-related bacteremia occurred in one patient, for a rate of 0.49 episodes per 100 patient-months, a rate much lower than rates reported for polyurethane and Teflon catheters. Clotting occurred in 24.5% of catheters, and thrombolytic therapy was always successful in restoring function. Because of the lower rate of complications, the silicone dual-lumen catheter with a Dacron cuff provides a safer alternative for short-term hemodialysis vascular access than the Teflon and polyurethane catheters.     

4％枸橼酸钠溶液在中心静脉置管血液透析患者中的应用

目的观察4％枸橼酸钠封管液在临时性中心静脉置管血液透析患者中的应用。方法将61例维持性血液透析患者随机分为2组,即4%枸橼酸钠封管组30例,肝素钠封管组31例。每次透析结束后,对2组患者分别以4％枸橼酸钠和肝素钠封管,均连续使用5周。评价2组患者导管相关的出血、感染和导管功能不良情况。结果①4％枸橼酸钠封管组导管相关的出血事件发生率较肝素钠封管组低,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。②4％枸橼酸钠封管组有1例次出现透析中发热,但导管液和血液细菌培养均为阴性,肝素钠封管组有1例患者出现透析中发热,导管液培养为金黄色葡萄球菌阳性,血培养为阴性。③2组患者导管功能不良发生率无显著差异（P〉0．05）。结论对于临时性中心静脉置管的血液透析患者,4％枸橼酸钠封管液可作为常规肝素钠封管液的替代。     

Vascular access as a determinant of adequacy of dialysis

Vascular accesses consist of permanent arteriovenous (AV) accesses (autogenous fistulas and synthetic grafts) and venous accesses (central venous catheters [CVCs]). AV accesses have fewer complications than venous accesses, and are therefore the preferred hemodialysis access. An important additional issue is whether the type of access influences adequacy of dialysis (i.e. Kt/V). Key limiting factors in delivering adequate Kt/V are blood pump speed (Q(B) ), access recirculation, and treatment time. In general, AV accesses support higher Q(B)S with less negative inflow arterial pressures than CVCs. Well-functioning AV accesses are also less likely to exhibit recirculation. Nevertheless, recirculation commonly develops when AV accesses (usually grafts) develop stenosis with decreased access blood flow. Although extension of treatment time can offset the effects of reduced Q(B) and recirculation, this is often impractical and poorly accepted by patients. In conclusion, AV accesses are superior to venous accesses because they are less prone to complications and are more likely to deliver prescribed Kt/V within prescribed treatment time.     

A New Approach to Evaluate Vascular Access in HemodialysisPatients

Abstract: We evaluated the importance of vascular access in hemodialysis patients using noninvasive methods with the Transonic Systems monitor in 108 patients. Most of these patients (84%) had native vein fistulas. We found that a blood flow rate of below 500 ml/min suggested the occurrence of vascular stenosis and justified confirmation by angiography. Increased recirculation could be evaluated readily and was detected in only 10% of patients. Finally, employing the evaluation of the Kt/V index, we found a good correlation between low flux through the fistula and a low Kt/V value.     

Successful use of single-lumen, urokinase immobilized femoral catheters as a temporary access for haemodialysis

Method: Placement of a femoral vein catheter as temporary vascular access for haemodialysis was conducted and the indications, catheter patency rate, and incidence of catheter-related infections were examined. A urokinase immobilized femoral vein catheter (UIFC) is a soft polyurethane single-lumen catheter 2.7 mm in diameter and 22 cm in length which needs no heparin infusion (Japan Shawood Co., Ltd., Tokyo; Unitica Co., Ltd., Hyogo, Japan). A soft silicon rubber was attached to the tip of the catheter in order to avoid excessive bleeding during insertion. Aseptic adhesive wound dressing was employed at the exit-site which was cleansed with popidone-iodine and renewed at each dialysis session. Results: Eighty-one UIFCs were used for haemodialysis in 64 patients (acute renal failure: 11; vascular access trouble: 53; initiation of chronic dialysis: 17). The average age of the patients was 58±13 years, ranging from 26 to 80 years. The mean duration of catheter indwelling was 22.4±13.1 days. An adequate blood flow of 180-200 ml/min was obtained through UIFC and returned to another peripheral vein punctured at each dialysis session. Unexplained fever occurred in four cases while the UIFC was in place (4.9%) but culture of either blood or the catheter tip was negative for bacteria. The catheter was removed immediately and fever subsided in all cases. The overall catheter survival rate was 84% at 34 days calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Catheter insertion was easy to perform and no serious complications such as pulmonary embolism or septicaemia occurred. Conclusion: Our modified type of UIFC is very useful as a temporary access for haemodialysis with a very low incidence of catheter-related infections and no need for heparinization. Excellent catheter patency was maintained with the plug system and careful dressing techniques without unnecessary bleeding during catheter care. Key words: femoral vein catheterization; haemodialysis; temporary vascular access; catheter survival rate      

Hemodialysis catheter placement and recirculation in treatment of hyperammonemia

A 2-year-old girl with carbamoyl phosphate synthetase deficiency underwent emergency hemodialysis (HD) for treatment of acute life-threatening hyperammonemia. HD was performed via catheters placed in each femoral vein serving as vascular access. The tip of one of the catheters (aspirating line) was in the left external iliac vein and the tip of the other catheter (the return line) was in the inferior vena cava (IVC). High blood flow rates were used in order to rapidly lower the blood ammonia (NH₃) levels. However, unanticipated marked recirculation in the IVC, between the dialysis aspirating and return catheters, was encountered, preventing significant reduction in blood NH₃. The recognition of this problem, suggested solutions, and prevention are described. Received August 27, 1997; received in revised form and accepted February 4, 1998     

All currently used measurements of recirculation in blood access by chemical methods are flawed due to intradialytic disequilibrium or recirculation at low flow

Blood flows and recirculations with standard and reversed direction of lines were measured by chemical (urea and creatinine) and ultrasound dilution (saline) methods in 47 chronic hemodialysis patients. Thirty-seven patients had 47 dual-lumen, central vein (CV) catheters: 32 were PermCath (Quinton Instruments Company, Seattle, WA), 6 were Access Cath (MEDCOMP, Harleysville, PA), 3 were Soft Cell PC (Vas Cath, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada) and 6 were SNIJ (experimental catheters). Three of these last catheters had the tip staggered 7 mm, and three had flush tips; PermCath, Access Cath, and Soft Cell PC catheters have the tips staggered 23 to 25 mm. Forty-six catheters were implanted into the superior vena cava/right atrium, and one catheter was implanted through the left saphenous vein into the left iliac vein. The catheters were studied 1 to 31 months after implantation (median, 3.0 months). Ten patients with arteriovenous (AV) graft access were also studied. The stop-flow method was used in catheter dialysis, and the slow-flow method was used to calculate recirculations in AV access dialysis with samples for systemic blood concentrations taken from arterial line both before and after samples from the arterial and venous lines. At 500 mL/min pump speed, actual blood flow was 436+/-18 mL/min (mean+/-SD; range, 407 to 464 mL/min) with standard direction of catheter lines. At 500 mL/min pump speed, the arterial chamber pressure was -330+/-48 mm Hg (mean+/-SD; range, -380 to -225 mm Hg, and the venous chamber pressure was 259+/-48 mm Hg (mean+/-SD; range, 140 to 310 mm Hg). Arterial chamber pressure was less negative, and venous chamber pressure was less positive with SNIJ catheters, which had larger internal diameter (2.1 mm) compared with the other catheters (2.0 mm). Recirculation varied with the catheter design and the location of the catheter tip. In the catheters with tip staggered more than 20 mm and with standard line connection at pump speeds of 50 mL/min and 500 mL/min, recirculations were approximately 1 % and 5%, respectively, when measured by the chemical method. In the same catheters with reversed lines, the recirculations were approximately 5% and 27%, respectively. Inflow failure catheters with reversed lines had similar recirculation values to those of well-functioning catheters with reversed lines. In catheters with tips staggered 7 mm, and with standard connection of lines, recirculations were approximately 3% and 8%, respectively, at pump speeds of 50 and 500 mL/min. With reversed lines, at the same pump speeds, the values were 7% and 12%, respectively. In flush-tip catheters, the recirculation was higher at a 50 mL/min pump speed (approximately 17%) than at a pump speed of 500 mL/min (approximately 13%). The ultrasound dilution method usually gave lower values than the chemical methods, most likely because of overestimation of recirculation by chemical methods. At least triplicate measurements are needed because single measurements by the ultrasound dilution method are associated with substantial variation. We conclude that both currently used methods (stop flow and slow flow) of taking systemic samples for measurements of recirculation by chemical methods are flawed because of disequilibrium and recirculation at low flow.     

Conversion of temporary hemodialysis catheters to tunneled hemodialysis catheters

PURPOSE: To determine the feasibility and clinical outcomes of conversion of temporary to tunneled hemodialysis catheters using the same venous insertion site. METHODS: Data from 42 patients with existing temporary hemodialysis catheters referred for placement of tunneled hemodialysis catheters were retrospectively reviewed. In these patients, the temporary catheter was exchanged for a peel-away sheath, and a tunneled catheter was inserted using the existing venous access site. Technical success, procedural complications, and clinical outcomes were evaluated. Hemodialysis records were reviewed to assess catheter patency during a 30-day follow-up period. RESULTS: The study group consisted of 20 males and 22 females (mean age: 58 years). All 42 temporary catheters were successfully converted to tunneled hemodialysis catheters without immediate procedure-related complications. Follow-up data were available for 32 patients (total: 3038; median 71 catheter days). Nine catheters were removed for infection, yielding a catheter infection rate of 0.30/100 catheter days; three catheters were removed for blood flow <200 ml/min. 13 patients had catheters removed when catheters were no longer needed. Three patients died with working catheters. The patency rate was 72% at 30 days, with four catheters functioning at the end of the study period. CONCLUSION: Conversion of a temporary hemodialysis catheter to a tunneled hemodialysis catheter using the same venous insertion site is a safe procedure that avoids complications associated with venotomy and allows conservation of other central venous access sites. Patency and infection rates in these catheters are comparable to several studies of catheter exchange and de novo placement of tunneled hemodialysis catheters.     

Randomized, clinical trial comparison of trisodium citrate 30% and heparin as catheter-locking solution in hemodialysis patients

Interdialytic hemodialysis catheter-locking solutions could contribute to a reduction of catheter-related complications, especially infections. However, they can cause side effects because of leakage from the tip of the catheter. Recently, trisodium citrate (TSC) has been advocated because of its antimicrobial properties and local anticoagulation. In a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, controlled trial, TSC 30% was compared with unfractionated heparin 5000 U/ml for prevention of catheter-related infections, thrombosis, and bleeding complications. The study was stopped prematurely because of a difference in catheter-related bacteremia (CRB; P < 0.01). Of 363 eligible patients, 291 could be randomized. The study included 98 tunneled cuffed catheters and 193 untunneled. There were no significant differences in patient and catheter characteristics on inclusion. In the heparin group, 46% of catheters had to be removed because of any complication compared with 28% in the TSC group (P = 0.005). CRB rates were 1.1 per 1000 catheter-days for TSC versus 4.1 in the heparin group (P < 0.001). For tunneled cuffed catheters, the risk reduction for CRB was 87% (P < 0.001) and for untunneled catheters was 64% (P = 0.05). Fewer patients died from CRB in the TSC group (0 versus 5; P = 0.028). There were no differences in catheter flow problems and thrombosis (P = 0.75). No serious adverse events were encountered. Major bleeding episodes were significantly lower in the TSC group (P = 0.010). TSC 30% improves overall patency rates and reduces catheter-related infections and major bleeding episodes for both tunneled and untunneled hemodialysis catheters. Flow problems are not reduced.