肱骨远端关节面剪切骨折治疗进展

肱骨远端关节面剪切骨折是一种少见的肘部损伤,系暴力经桡骨头撞击肱骨远端,造成肱骨小头和滑车骨折所致。Bryan-Morrey分型常用于指导骨折治疗。保守治疗要达到骨折准确复位和维持复位困难,缺血性坏死发生率明显增加;切开复位内固定是治疗的理想选择,但手术入路和内固定材料的选择存在争议,文献中多推荐肘外侧入路和空心螺钉内固定。对特殊类型骨折,骨折块切除术和肘关节置换术可取得很好疗效;关节镜下复位内固定成为一种新型微创治疗方式。术后早期进行功能锻炼,是肘关节功能恢复的关键步骤。     

经肘前入路软骨钉治疗肱骨小头骨折

目的探讨经肘前人路软骨钉治疗肱骨小头骨折内固定手术的方法和疗效。方法 2008年6月至2011年8月,采用经肘关节前侧＂S＂形入路可吸收软骨钉内固定治疗肱骨小头骨折12例,男8例,女4例,年龄12～52岁,平均28.5岁,Ⅰ型骨折5例,Ⅱ型骨折3例,Ⅲ型2例,Ⅳ型2例;其中有3例合并有桡骨小头骨折,1例合并有尺骨冠状突骨折。结果随访6～36个月,平均25个月。骨折临床愈合时间4～10周,平均6周。根据Morrey肘关节功能评分标准,良好（满意）9例,一般3例,无骨不连及肱骨小头缺血性坏死发生。结论肘前人路损伤小,暴露清楚,可直视下对肱骨小头的骨折块进行解剖复位;可吸收软骨钉对关节软骨面的损伤小,固定牢靠,可早期进行功能锻炼,无需二次取出,有利于肘关节功能的良好恢复。     

肱骨小头冠状面骨折16例疗效分析

[目的]探讨肱骨小头骨折的临床诊断特点及手术治疗效果。[方法]1996～2005年间手术治疗的肱骨小头骨折16例,其中男6例,女10例;年龄18～54岁,平均36.6岁;按Bryan-Morrey分型Ⅰ型8例,Ⅱ型8例。手术经前方入路,骨折复位后拉力螺钉固定;骨折块过于细小则行骨块切除。[结果]随访时间8～24个月,平均16个月。骨折临床愈合时间2～3月。随访未发现肱骨小头缺血坏死,4例有创伤性关节炎表现,平均Mayo评分86分。[结论]肱骨小头骨折的治疗需综合分型计划手术;经肘前方入路牢固固定,早期锻炼可获较好功能。     

肱骨小头骨折的手术治疗

肱骨小头骨折是肱骨远端冠状面骨折，好发于青少年，复位和固定均较困难，若处理不当，易遗留肘关节疼痛、畸形和功能障碍。本院自1998年1月至2006年6月，采用肘前和肘外侧入路两种不同的手术方法治疗了肱骨小头骨折14例，收到了满意的效果。现报告如下。     

肘关节前侧入路治疗单纯肱骨小头冠状面骨折

目的探讨肘关节前侧入路治疗单纯肱骨小头冠状面骨折的疗效。方法自2000年1月～2004年12月采用肘关节前侧入路治疗单纯肱骨小头冠状面骨折患者6例,其中男4例,女2例,平均年龄36岁。结果术后6例患者随访6个月～3年,6例骨折均骨性愈合,无骨折缺血坏死,肘关节功能均为优良。结论肘关节前侧入路骨折端暴露满意,复位及实施内固定容易。     

经尺骨鹰嘴截骨入路Herbert螺钉结合锚钉内固定治疗DubberleyⅢB型肱骨小头骨折的疗效分析

目的探讨经尺骨鹰嘴截骨入路Herbert螺钉结合锚钉内固定治疗DubberleyⅢB型肱骨小头骨折的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2014-01—2019-01采用经尺骨鹰嘴截骨入路Herbert螺钉结合锚钉内固定治疗6例DubberleyⅢB型肱骨小头骨折。术中复位肱骨小头及滑车,并选用多枚Herbert螺钉进行埋头固定。对于合并外上髁骨折加以锚钉固定。复位尺骨鹰嘴,以2枚克氏针固定,尖端从对侧皮质穿出,于鹰嘴截骨线远端垂直骨嵴钻孔,穿过钢丝8字张力带固定。结果 6例均顺利完成手术并获得完整随访,随访时间10～36个月,平均13.5个月。6例均获得骨性愈合,骨折愈合时间2.0～5.5个月,平均2.8个月。术后1例肘关节活动受限,未出现肱骨小头缺血坏死及创伤性关节炎等并发症。末次随访时按Mayo肘关节功能评分评价疗效:优2例,良3例,可1例。结论经尺骨鹰嘴截骨入路Herbert螺钉结合锚钉内固定治疗DubberleyⅢB型肱骨小头骨折患者可以早期开始肘关节功能锻炼,术后骨折恢复疗效确切。     

肘外侧入路空心钉内固定治疗肱骨小头骨折的疗效分析

目的分析采用肘外侧入路空心钉内固定治疗肱骨小头骨折的疗效。方法回顾性分析自2011-01—2015-01采用肘外侧入路空心钉内固定治疗的18例肱骨小头骨折。术后均采用肘关节可调支具屈肘90°位固定。术后1年采用Mayo肘关节功能评分标准评定手术疗效。结果 18例均获得随访12~24个月,平均17个月。骨折临床愈合时间7~15周,平均9周。术后均未见骨折畸形愈合、肘关节骨化性肌炎或延迟愈合等并发症。术后1年采用Mayo肘关节功能评分标准评定疗效:优12例,良5例,可1例,优良率94.4%。结论肱骨小头骨折为关节内骨折,并且肱骨小头为肘关节外侧柱的重要组成部分,因此缓解疼痛、恢复肱骨小头形态及减少肘关节活动度的丢失是治疗肱骨小头骨折的根本目标。肘外侧入路空心钉内固定联合肘关节可调支具固定治疗肱骨小头骨折术后可早期功能锻炼,近期疗效满意。     

MehdianⅣ型肱骨小头骨折八例手术治疗体会

目的 探讨肱骨小头MehdianⅣ型骨折经肘外侧人路治疗的固定方法和疗效.方法 对8例MehdianⅣ型肱骨小头骨折,行经肘外侧人路复位骨折,采用冠状位细克氏针结合矢状位螺钉固定治疗.结果 患者均获得随访,随访时间为术后3个月～4年,平均32个月.疗效评估采用MaYo肘关节评分系统:优5例,良2例,可1例.结论 肱骨小头骨折为囊内骨折,采用肘外侧手术人路,冠状位细克氏针结合矢状位螺钉固定能达到解剖复位和牢固固定,可早期功能锻炼,近期疗效较佳.     

肘关节前侧入路治疗肱骨小头Ⅰ型骨折

2000年5月～2006年5月,笔者采用肘关节前侧入路治疗肱骨小头Ⅰ型骨折患者6例,报道如下. 1 材料与方法 1.1 病例资料 本组6例,男4例,女2例,年龄13～20岁.左侧2例,右侧4例.均为闭合性骨折.伤后均有肘关节肿胀,屈伸受限,X线及SCT检查均提示肱骨小头冠状面骨折伴滑车骨折,对位不良.见图1.受伤至手术时间3～7 d.     

MehdianIV型肱骨小头骨折八例手术治疗体会

目的探讨肱骨小头MehdianⅣ型骨折经肘外侧入路治疗的固定方法和疗效。方法对8例MehdjanⅣ型舷骨小头骨折,行经肘外侧入路复位骨折,采用冠状位细克氏针结合矢状位螺钉固定治疗。结果患者均获得随访,随访时间为术后3个月．4年。平均32个月。疗效评估采用MaYo肘关节评分系统：优5例,良2例,可1例。结论肱骨小头骨折为囊内骨折,采用肘外侧手术入路,冠状位细克氏针结合矢状位螺钉固定能达到解剖复位和牢固固定,可早期功能锻炼,近期疗效较佳。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.